F 

254 
.B76 
1911 


9/0.7 

B79 


DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY 


OF 


NORTH  CAROLINA 


BROOKS 
CARMICHAEL 


Rand  M^Ndly  &  Co. 


Vol. 


LIBRARY 
Connecticut  State  College 


Class 


3Mhi mt 


Cost 


Date 


g^^j  ^^j_    1931  i 


BOOK    9  10  7.B79    c.  1 

BROOt'S  #  GFOGRAPHY  nF  N  CAROLINA 

BY  F  r  pRHOK';  AND  W  Q  TARMICHAEL 


3  T153  DDEDbMTM  T 


■  6' 


This  Book  may  be  kept  out 

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1 


THE   GEOGRAPHY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA 

By  Eugene  C.  Brooks,  Professor  of  Education,  Trinity  College,  and  William  D.  Carmichael, 
Superintendent  of  Durham  City  Schools,  Durham. 


I.      NORTH  CAROLINA   AS  A  WHOLE 

Position.  North  Carolina  is  the  most 
northern  of  the  Southern  states  of  the  Atlan- 
tic coast.  (Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  238.)  Its 
western  boundary  line,  high  above  sea  level, 
winds  along  the  crest  of  the  Appalachian 
Mountains;  its  eastern  boundary  is  the 
seacoast.  (Fig.  2.)  On  the  north  it  joins 
Virginia  and  on  the  south,  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  It  lies  between  thirty-three  degrees 
fifty  minutes  and  thirty-six  degrees  thirty- 
three  minutes  north  latitude,  and  between 
seventy-five  degrees  twenty-seven  minutes 
and  eighty-four  degrees  twenty  minutes  west 
longitude. 

If  we  should  travel  northward  from 
Raleigh,  the  capital  (Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  192), 
we  would  pass  near  Niagara  Falls.     South- 


ward, we  would  pass  through  the  central  part 
of  Cuba,  and  touch  near  the  Panama  Canal. 
(Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  161.)  Going  eastward, 
we  would  cross  the  Atlantic  and  touch  the 
northern  shore  of  Africa  not  far  from 
Gibraltar.  Continuing  on  the  same  parallel, 
we  would  pass  through  the  island  of  Crete, 
the  northern  part  of  Palestine,  southern 
Chosen  (Korea),  and  Japan.  Following  the 
same  line  across  the  Pacific,  we  would 
pass  through  southern  California,  northern 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Oklahoma,  Arkansas, 
and  Tennessee.     (Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  192.) 

Size.  North  Carolina  is  one  of  the 
largest  states  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
(Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  192.)  Its  extreme  length 
from  east  to  west  is  503}  miles  and  its  extreme 
breadth  is  187 J  miles,  the  average  breadth 
of    the     state    being    about    one    hundred 


Copyr'fttby  Delroii  PuMlshlog  Compi 

Fig  I.     Lake  Fairfield  with  Baid  Rock  in  the  background,  one  of  three  notable  lakes  in  the  heart  of  the  Sapphire 

country.     They  lie  high  in  the  uplands,  overtopped  by  many  "balds,"  in  a  region  abounding  in  wide 

stretches  of  primeval  forests,  many  clear,  health-giving  springs,  sunlit  streams  with 

almost  continuous  cascades,  and  dark,  deeply  eroded  canyons. 


Fio.  2.     ^   political  map  of  North  Carolina. 


Copyright,  1911,  by  Rami.  McNally  &•  Company 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


ther  navigation.  This 
is    called    the    "Fall 
Line."     This  hne  ex- 
\  tends  entirely  across 
I  the  state,  crossing  the 
-^  Roanoke  at  Weldon, 
the    Tar    at     Rocky 
Mount,  the  Neuse  at 
Smithfield,  the  Cape 
Fear  at  Averasboro, 
and   the    Pedee  or 
Fig.  3.    A  relief  map  of  North  Carolina.  Yadkin     River     near 

miles.     The  area  of  North  Carolina  is  52,426    I    Rockingham.     (Fig.  2.)     The   region   lying 
square   miles,  of  which   3,686  square  miles    |    between  the  ocean  and  the  Fall  Line  is  called 


are  water  and  48,740 
square  miles  land. 
Texas,  Georgia,  and 
Florida  are  the  only 
states  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  coast  that  are 
larger.  If  we  should 
place  North  Carolina 
on  the  New  England 
states  it  would  cover 
Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut, 
New  Hampshire,  Ver- 
mont, and  more  than 
half  of  Maine. 
Surface.     The  state 


Fig. 


\'oti 


the  Coastal  Plain. 
(Comp.Geog.,Fig.i89.) 
It  extends  inland  from 
the  coast  120  to  160 
miles  and  has  an  area 
of  about  25,000  square 
miles,  or  nearly  one- 
half  that  of  the  state. 
A  large  part  of  the 
coastal  region,  especi- 
ally near  the  sounds, 
is  so  level  and  the 
streams  have  so  little 
fall  that  the  land  is 
poorly  drained.  As  a 
result  there  are  many 


4.      In   III,    ^Zi'amps  of  the  Coastal  I'lain. 
the  moss-draped  cypress  and  the  projusic 
of  water  lilies. 

is  divided  naturally  into  three  sections,  each    l    large  swamps.    (Figs.  2  and  4.)   The  largest, 
of  which  has  distinct  characteristics.     If  a    |    Hyde  County  Swamp,  has  an  area  of  about 
traveler  should  start 
at  the  mouth  of  any 
river  in  eastern  North 
Carolina   and   row 
upstream  about  150 
miles  he  would  reach 
the  head  of  naviga- 
tion ;  that  is,  the  place  *~ 
where  the  bed  of  the 
river  is  rocky  and  the 
water    falls   over   in 
such  a  manner  as  to 

hinder  or  prevent  fur-  Fig.  5.     A  physical  map  of  North  Carolina. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


300  square  miles  and 
lies  partly  in  five  coun- 
ties. Other  swamps 
are  the  Dover,  Hell' 
Shelter,  Angola  Ba) , 
Green,  and  a  part  of 
the  Dismal  Swamp. 
The  greater  part  of 
Dismal  Swamp  lies  in 
Virginia.  Usually  the 
water  in  these  swamps 
is  very  shallow.  In 
some  places  it  disap- 
pears for  a  large  part  of  the  year.  Here  are 
found  abundant  game  and  much  of  the 
valuable  timber  of  the  state.  An  effort  is 
now  being  made  to  drain  these  swamps. 
The  soil  of  much  of  the  land  thus  reclaimed 
is  rich  and  almost  inexhaustible. 

If  the  traveler  should  go  on  foot  due  west 
from  the  Fall  Line,  he  would  notice  that  the 
surface  becomes  hilly  and  broken.  Waterfalls 
are  more  frequent.  The  streams  flow  more 
swiftly  and  through  deeper  channels.  The 
hills,  at  first  standing  but  little  above  the 
general  plain,  gradu- 
ally rise  higher  and 
higher  and  the  slopes 
become  steeper  until 
the  Blue  Ridge  Moun- 
tains are  reached,  when 
the  elevations  become 
suddenly  very  great. 
This  rugged  section 
extending  between  the 
Fall  Line  and  the 
Blue  Ridge  Mountains 
is  called  the  Piedmont 
Region  of  the  state. 
(Comp.Geog.,  Fig.  1 89. ) 
It  is  about  125  miles 
in  width  and  has  an 
average  elevation 
above  the  sea  of  about 
900  feet.      Its  area  is 


View  of  Grandfather   Mountain.      Out  of  the 
wooded  slopes  of  the  Blue  Ridge  rises 
this  picturesque  peak. 


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Fig.   7.     Round   Knob    Valley  from   the  top  of  Mount 

St.  Bernard.      Notice  the  road  curving  in  and  out 

among  the  forested  ridges  on  its  way  to  the 

summit  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 


about    21,000    square 
miles.   (Fig.  5.) 

Still  farther  west 
are  the  Blue  Ridge 
Mountains  (3,000  ft.), 
'vhich  form  the  eastern 
margin  of  a  high  moun- 
tain plateau.  (Fig.  7.) 
The  streams  no  longer 
flow  toward  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  but  west- 
ward. This  section 
includes  many  moun- 
tain ridges  and  peaks ;  some  of  the  ridges  run 
parallel  to  the  main  ranges  and  some  cross- 
wise. This  is  the  Mountain  Section,  the  third 
division  of  the  state.  (Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  189.) 
It  extends  across  the  state,  varying  in  width 
from  thirty-five  to  sixty-five  miles.  Its  area 
is  about  6,000  square  miles,  the  average  ele- 
vation being  from  2,000  to  5,000  feet. 

Mountains.  The  great  Appalachian  High- 
land which  extends  from  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  to  central  Alabama  has  its  highest 
peaks  in  North  Carolina.  (Part  IV,  Table, 
p.  32, and  Comp.Geog., 
Fig.  121.)  Within  the 
state  there  are  two 
main  mountain  chains 
which  run  almost  par- 
allel, the  Blue  Ridge 
and  the  Great  Smoky. 
(Figs.  2  and  3.) 

The  Blue  Ridge,  the 
eastern  chain  of  the 
Appalachian  Moun- 
tains, owes  its  name 
to  its  color  when  seen 
from  a  distance.  It  is 
the  great  watershed  of 
the  state.  Grandfather 
Mountain  (5,964  ft.)  is 
the  highest  elevation. 
(Fig.  6.)  The  Great 
Smoky    Range    forms 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


the  boundary  line  between 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee, 
except  at  the  extreme  south- 
west comer  of  the  state.  It 
consists  of  several  chains,  chief 
of  which  are  the  Iron  Moun- 
tains in  the  north  and  the 
Unaka  Mountains  in  the  south. 
Its  highest  peak  is  Clingmans 
Dome,  6,619  fset  above  sea 
level. 

Between  these  two  ranges 
are  many  cross  chains  and 
high  peaks.  The  Black  Moun- 
tains, the  highest  of  these 
ranges,  contain  Mount  Mitch- 
ell (6,711  ft.),  the  highest 
mountain  east  of  the  Rockies. 
(Comp.  Geog.,Fig.  121.)  Next 
in  importance  of  these  cross 
chains  are  the  Balsam  Mountains,  which 
extend  from  South  Carolina  on  the  south  to 
the  Smoky  Mountains  on  the  Tennessee  line. 

Drainage.  The  rainfall  in  the  state  is  large. 
In  finding  its  way  to  the  sea  this  water 
is  governed  by  the  topography  of  the  state. 
The  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  form  the  great 
divide  and  the  main  watershed.  The 
waters  of  the  streams  flowing  eastward  all 
find  their  way  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The 
westward  flowing 
streams  reach  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  through  the 
Tennessee  or  Ohio 
River  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi.    (Fig.  3.) 

The  rivers  flowing 
eastward  move  rapidly 
through  the  Piedmont 
section,  and  as  they 
run  down  the  foothills 
of  the  mountains 
(Fig.  8),  and  break 
through      the     rolling 


Fig.   8.     Lower  Falls  of  White  Water. 

The  descent  oj  this  stream  is  a 

continuous     series    oj 

falls  and  rapids. 


country  that  stretches  from 
the  mountains  to  the  Fall 
Line,  they  afford  much  water 
power.  After  passing  the  Fall 
Line  the  streams  widen  out, 
become  less  rapid,  and  are 
navigable. 

The  rivers  west  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  may  be  grouped  in  two 
general  divisions,  those  which 
reach  the  Mississippi  by  way 
of  the  Kanawha  and  the  Ohio 
and  those  which' find  the  Mis- 
sissippi through  the  Tennes- 
see River.  The  New  and  its 
tributaries  form  the  first  divi- 
sion. The  New  River  flows 
northward  into  the  Kanawha, 
draining  wholly  or  in  part  the 
northwestern  counties — Ashe, 
Alleghany,  and  Watauga.  By  far  the  greater 
drainage,  however,  is  through  the  Tennessee. 
All  other  counties  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge 
are  drained  through  that  river.  The  princi- 
pal streams  flowing  directly  or  indirectly  into 
the  Tennessee  are  the  Watauga,  Toe,  French 
Broad  (Fig.  9),  Big  Pigeon,  Tuckasegee,  Little 
Tennessee,  and  the  Nantahala.  There  are 
many  falls  in  these  streams  which  afford 
much  water  power. 
This  power  when  used 
is  chiefly  employed  in 
turning  the  wheels  of 
many  gristmills  and 
sawmills. 

The  principal  rivers 
east  and  south  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  are  the 
Chowan,  Dan,  Roan- 
oke, Tar,  Neuse,  Cape 
Fear,Yadkin,Catawba, 
and  the  Broad.  The 
Chowan,  Roanoke,  Tar, 
Neuse,  and  Cape  Fear 
are   all    navigable   for 


Oopyrl^h 

I.    Scene  on  the  French  Broad.    Here  the  picluresque 
wannanoa  winding  down  adds  its  waters  to  the 
beautiful,   far-famed   French   Broad. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


many  miles,  but  between 
the  Fall  Line  and  the 
mountains  the  rivers 
afford  a  large  amount  of 
water  power,  which  is 
doubtless  of  more  value 
to-day  than  the  navigable 
portions  of  the  streams. 

The  counties  near  the 
coast  are  dotted  with 
small  fresh-water  lakes. 
The  largest  of  these  lakes, 
Mattamuskeet,  in  Hyde 
Coimty,  is  about  fifteen 
miles  long  and  five  to 
seven  miles  broad.  Lake 
Phelps,  Alligator  Lake,  and 
Pungo  Lake  all  lie  in  the 
great  swamp  between 
Albemarle  and  Pamlico 
soimds.  In  White  Oak 
Jones,  Craven,  and  Carteret  counties,  is  a 
group  of  small  lakes.  The  largest.  North- 
west Lake,  has  an  area  of  about  ten  square 
miles.  Green  Swamp  in  Columbus  County 
contains  Waccamaw  Lake,  eight  miles  long 
and  five  miles  broad.  In  the  Mountain  sec- 
tion are  many  beautiful  land-locked  lakes. 
Three  of  the  largest  and  most  famous  of 
these  lakes  are  Toxaway,  Fairfield  (Fig.  i), 
and  Sapphire,  lying 
high  up  among  the 
head  streams  of  the 
Toxaway  River. 

Water  Power.  The 
force  of  water  running 
rapidly  and  in  great 
volume  down  a  steep 
bed  furnishes  much 
power  which  may  be 
used  in  turning  the 
wheels  of  great  facto- 
ries. Practically  every 
county  in  the  state  has 
at  least  one  small  mill 


Fig.  io.    Cascades  near  head  of  Catawba  River 

Swamp,     within 


D.  8.  Geolof  I 

Fig.  II.     The  "Narrows  of  the  Yadkin."    At  this  point, 

where  the  waters  flow  through  a  narrow  and 

picturesque  gorge,  the  river  affords 

much  water  power. 


run  by  water  power. 
(Fig.  50.)  Sometimes  it 
gins  cotton,  sometimes 
grinds  corn  or  saws  lumber. 
Wherever  the  falls  of 
the  rivers  afford  power 
sufficient  to  turn  the 
wheels,  great  factories  are 
being  built.  This  is  true 
of  the  Dan  at  Spray  and 
Mayodan,  of  the  Roanoke 
at  Weldon,  of  the  Tar  at 
Rocky  Mount  and  Louis- 
burg.  There  is  abundant 
power  on  the  Cape  Fear 
at  Averasboro  and  Buck- 
horn.  In  the  basin  of  the 
Cape  Fear  the  Haw  and 
its  tributaries  in  Alamance 
County,  and  the  Deep  and 
its  tributaries  in  Randolph  County,  afford 
abundant  power  largely  utilized  in  manufac- 
turing. 

Bluitts  Falls  and  Grassy  Island  Falls  in 
Richmond  County  and  the  "Narrows  of  the 
Yadkin"  in  Stanly  County  are  the  chief 
sources  of  power  on  the  Yadkin.  (Fig.  11.) 
While  the  "Narrows"  aiTord  the  greatest 
power  much  exists  between  that  point  and 
Patterson,  where  the  Yadkin  leaves  the 
Blue   Ridge. 

The  Catawba  and  its 
tributaries  (Fig.  10) 
from  the  South  Caro- 
lina line  near  Charlotte 
to  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
the  Broad  and  Toxa- 
way rivers  (Fig.  8) 
and  their  tributaries 
have  much  water 
power,  a  large  part  of 
which  is  undeveloped. 
While  water  power 
has  been  used  in  North 
Carolina  since  colonial 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Fig.  12.      A    sub-station   on    the    Biickhorn-Fayettevillc 
transmission  line. 

days,  only  within  recent  years  has  it  been 
employed  to  produce  electric 
power  that  can  be  transmit- 
ted over  long  distances  as  is 
now  done  in  the  Piedmont. 
With  the  water  power  on  the 
Catawba  and  the  Broad  rivers 
electric  power  is  now  pro- 
duced and  transmitted  as  far 
east  as  Durham  and  as  far 
west  as  Shelby  and  Hickory. 
This  electric  power  is  used 
in  lighting  cities,  turning  the 
machinery  of  many  busy  cot- 
ton mills  and  other  thriving 
manufactories,  and  in  driving 
street  cars.  (Fig.  12.)  An  interurban  rail- 
way now  under  construction  from  Greenville, 
S.  C,  to  Durham,  N.  C,  will  be  run  by  electric 
power. 

Coast  Line.  While  the  coast  line  proper 
of  North  CaroHna  is  only  about  300  miles 
long,  if  the  sounds,  estuaries,  and  other 
indentations  are  considered  the  state  has  a 
shore  line  of  nearly  1,500  miles. 

The  coast  is  bordered  for  nearly  300  miles 
by  a  succession  of  long,  narrow  islands  and 
peninsulas,  called  sand  banks.  They  are  com- 
posed largely  of  fine  white  sand  tossed  up  by 
the  winds  into  hills  called  sand  dunes,  which 
are  often  more  than  one  hundred  feet  high. 
(Fig.  14,  and  Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  78.)      These 


Fig.  13.     Sir  Walter  Rale ich      Fi   m 

tlie  original  0}  Zucchero   m  the  col 

lection  of  the  Marquis  of  Bath 


sand  banks  prevent  all  of  the  rivers  except 
the  Cape  Fear  from  emptying  into  the  ocean. 
In  many  places  they  are  covered  with  ever- 
greens or  dense  forests,  with  here  and  there 
a  tiny  lake  shut  in  from  the  sea.  Occasionally 
there  are  extensive  areas  of  marshy  land 
covered  with  vegetation,  which  form  a 
natural  pasture  land  and  breeding  place  for 
wild  animals.  Between  these  narrow  sand 
banks  are  constantly  changing  inlets  through 
which  small  vessels  reach  the  mainland. 
There  are  few  good  harbors  on  the  coast. 
These  fringing  sand  banks  form  three 
capes:  Hatteras,  Lookout,  and  Fear.  (Fig.  2.) 
Cape  Hatteras,  the  most 
widely  known  of  the  three,  is 
the  most  dreaded  cape  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  It  extends 
more  than  a  mile  into  the 
ocean,  beyond  which  point  in- 
visible reefs  and  bars  stretch 
out  twelve  to  fifteen  miles. 
These  form  the  widely  known 
"Diamond  Shoals,"  which 
sailors  go  far  out  to  sea  to 
avoid.  Here  the  sea  is  so  rough 
that  it  has  been  impossible 
to  erect  a  lighthouse,  and 
here  many  vessels  have  been 
wrecked  and  hundreds  of  lives  have  been  lost. 
Between  the  banks  and  the  mainland  are 


r  Cobb 

Fig.  I  t-    •'1  I'lciv  nj  the  sand  dunes.    These  are  a  tnarked 
feature  of  the  North  Carolina  coast  and  are  con- 
stantly changing  in  shape  and  size. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


.1  map  shozLitiig  the  iiUJii  aniiiul  temperature  of  North  Carolina 


from  iSS=;  to  igio 

a  number  of  sounds,  the  largest  being  Curri- 
tuck, Albemarle,  Croatan,  Roanoke,  Pamlico, 
Core,  and  Bogue.     (Fig.  2.) 

With  the  exception  of  Long  Island,  Pam- 
lico is  the  largest  sound  on  the  Atlantic 
coast.  It  is  also  one  of  the  greatest  fishing 
resorts  on  that  coast.  Albemarle  Sound, 
second  in  size,  is  the  largest  coastal  body  of 
fresh  water  in  the  world.  Currituck  Sound 
is  narrow  and  very  shallow,  and  forms  one 
of  the  most  notable  hunting  grounds  along 
the  Atlantic.  It  is  visited  annually  by  a 
great  number  and  variety  of  wild  fowl. 
Croatan  Sound,  which  is  separated  from 
Roanoke  Sound  by  Roanoke  Island,  is  the 
highway  for  vessels  plying  the  inland  waters. 

The  most  important  island  on  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina  is  Roanoke  (Fig.  2),  about 
twelve  miles  long  and  three  miles  wide. 
Here,  nearly  one 
hundred  years  after 
Columbus  discovered 
America,  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  (Fig.  13) 
made  three  different 
attempts  to  plant  an 
English  colony.  And 
it  was  here  Virginia 
Dare  was  bom,  and 
where  the  few  people 
who  were  left  to  main- 
tain   the    settlement 


were  lost.  The  out- 
lines of  the  old  fort 
may  be  seen  to-day. 
The  largest  town  is 
Manteo,  the  county 
seat  of  Dare  County. 
Cedar  Island , 
second  in  size,  is  a 
great  fishing  resort. 
It  lies  in  the  southern 
end  of  Pamlico  Sound. 
Smith  Island,  at  the 
mouth   of   the   Cape 


Fear  River,  was  once  a  part  of  the  mainland, 
but  a  great  storm  (1776)  cut  a  new  inlet, 
separating  the  island  from  the  mainland. 

Climate.  The  climate  of  North  Carolina 
is  determined  by  its  location  in  the  warm 
Temperate  Belt  (Comp.  Geog.,  Fig.  74),  but  is 
modified  by  three  important  features, — the 
ocean  on  the  east,  the  fact  that  it  lies  out- 
side the  usual  path  of  cyclonic  storms,  and 
the  gradual  elevation  of  the  land  toward  the 
west. 

In  the  Coastal  region,  owing  to  the  prox- 
imity of  the  ocean  and  the  indentation  of 
the  land  by  large  bays  and  sounds,  the 
temperature  is  mild  and  even.  (Fig.  15.) 
In  the  Piedmont  section  the  extremes 
between  summer  and  winter  become  greater. 
In  the  Mountain  section  the  influence  of  ele- 
vation is  very  great.     At  Linville  (3,800  ft.) 


Fig.  16. 


A  map  showing  the  mean  annual  rainfall  of  North  Carolina 
irom  iSS^  to  igio. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


the  temperature  is  about  the  same  as  that 
of  Boston  or  Chicago. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  of  North 
Carolina  is  fifty-nine  degrees.  July  is  the 
warmest  month  and  January  the  coldest. 
The  extremes  in  temperature  between  the 
Mountain  region  and  the  Coastal  region  are 
marked.  (Fig.  15.)  At  Hatteras,  on  the 
coast,  the  earliest  date  for  the  opening  of 
spring  is  the  twenty-eighth  of  February; 
while  at  Blowing  Rock  (Fig.  2),  in  the 
highest  section  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  spring 
is  delayed  to  May  tenth.  However,  in 
the  larger  portion 
of  North  CaroHna 
spring  arrives  in 
April. 

The  greatest 
rainfall  is  in 
July  and 
August ;  the 
least  in  Oc- 
tober and 
November. 
(Figs.  16 
and  17.) 


Average 


Average 


From  U.  8.  0«oIokIc( 

Fig.  1 8.     A  scene  in  the  lowlands  of  the  Catawba  River. 

Here  the  soil  has  been  washed  away  and  while 

sand  spread  over  the  surface. 

As  North  Carolina  lies  far  from  the  usual 
path  of  cyclonic  storms,  it  is  rarely  visited 
by  severe  storms. 

The  Mountain  section  of  the  state  is 
famous  for  its  beautiful  scenery,  fine  climate, 
and  healthful  water.  Many  people  from  the 
East  and  other  sections  of  the  country  come 
here  to  spend  the  summer  months.    (Fig.  i.) 

Soils.  The  soils  of  North  Carolina  consti- 
tute her  greatest  source  of  wealth.  Every 
variety  of  soil  is  to  be  found.  Only  in 
limited  areas  is  the  soil  lacking  in  fertility, 


Az'erage 


lllllllllllllll        Itllllllllllllll       Ittlllllllll 

Rock  House  Raleigh  Louisburg 

Fig.  17.     The  average  annual  rainfall  at  Rock  House,  Raleigh,  and  Louisburg,  from  i8q;  to  igio. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


and  nowhere  within  the  state  may  it  be  said 
to  be  unproductive. 

The  Coastal  Plain  has  the  greatest  variety 
of  soils.  The  swamp  regions,  when  drained, 
are  a  rich  black,  silty,  and  in  the  main  loamy 
soil,  seemingly  inexhaustible  in  fertility.  A 
large  part  of  this  region  has  been  considered 
worthless,  since  it  seemed  impossible  to 
drain  it.  But  the  results  from  reclaiming 
Mattamuskeet  Lake  have  shown  that  it  is 
possible  to  drain  and  reclaim  for  agricul- 
ture large  areas  of  this 
swamp  land.  Other 
soils  of  this  region  are 
the  gray,  sand,  yellow 
and  red  clay,  and 
gravelly  sand  loams, 
with  some  red  clay  in 
the  western  portion. 
The  loamy  soils  all 
combine  well  with 
humus  or  decayed 
vegetable  matter,  and 
when  properly  treated 
retain  the  amount  of 
moisture  needed,  and 
are  very  productive. 
Along  the  rivers  of  the 
Coastal  Plain  there  is 
much  alluvial  land. 
(Comp.  Geog.,  p.  30.) 
In  several  of  the  coun- 
ties of  this  section  the 
underlying  beds  of 
marls  afford  excellent 
fertilizing  materials. 
In  a  few  counties  the 
soil  consists  of  deep  beds  of  almost  white  sand. 
This  has  been  considered  less  productive  than 
the  other  soils  of  the  state.  But  it  is  splen- 
didly adapted  to  the  growing  of  grapes,  small 
fruits,  and  melons,  and  under  proper  treat- 
ment all  farm  crops  yield  abundantly. 

The    rolling    uplands    of    the    Piedmont 
Region   constitute   the    greatest   proportion 


Fig. 


of  the  cultivable  area  of  that  section.  The 
rocks  are  deeply  decayed,  forming  in  many 
places  highly  fertile  loam  soils.  The  soils  of 
these  uplands  are  in  the  main  heavy  red, 
yellow  sandy,  and  mica  red  clays,  and  sandy 
clay  and  gravelly  loams. 

While  the  alluvial  soils  of  the  bottom 
lands  are  limited  in  extent,  they  are  usually 
far  more  fertile  than  the  upland  soils.  The 
alluvium  or  detritus  is  formed  by  sediments 
that  are  carried  from  the  hillsides.  (Comp 
Geog.,  p.  24.)  Where 
the  hillsides  are  for 
ested,  the  washing  or 
erosion  is  slight,  being 
hindered  by  the  forest 
vegetation.  Where  the 
hillsides  have  been 
cleared  erosion  is  much 
more  rapid.  (Fig.  19.) 
The  coarser,  heavier 
material  washed  from 
the  slopes  is  deposited 
in  the  valleys,  while 
the  finer,  fertile  mate- 
rial is  swept  on  into  the 
streams.  Thus  both 
hillside  and  valley  are 
injured.     (Fig.  18.) 

Nature  endowed  this 
section  richly  and  pro- 
vided lavishly  for  its 
upbuilding.  Here  the 
rainfall  is  abundant 
and  the  growing  season 
is  long.  The  soils  are 
warm  and  early,  easily 
crumbled,  and  readily  cultivated.  These 
characteristics  give  the  soils  their  highest 
values.  But  under  certain  conditions  they 
cause  this  section  to  wash  more  readily  than 
any  other  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

It  is  said  that  annually  more  than  850 
pounds  of  soil  are  washed  from  every  acre  of 
land  along  the  Yadkin  above  Salisbury,  and 


19.     Land  erosion  near  Marion.      Notice  how  the 
soil  is  worn  away  where  the  forest  cover 
has  been  destroyed. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


From  n.  S.  Ooologioal  Bur 

Forests  on  the  slopes  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 


Forests.     In  the 

bottom  lands  of  the 
Coastal  Plain  are  found 
water,  Spanish,  swamp, 
and  white  oaks  and  the 
elm.  Where  the  soil  is 
wet  a  large  part  of  the 
year  the  sweet  and  the 
black  gum  attain  great 
size;  where  the  land 
is  usually  flooded,  the 
cypress  predominates. 


150  pounds  of  plant 
food  in  solution.  More 
than  380  pounds  of  soil 
are  washed  from  every 
acre  along  the  Neuse 
above  Selma,  more 
than  fifty  pounds  being 
vegetable  matter  that 
must  be  replaced.  At 
the  same  time  more 
than  one  hundred 
pounds    per    acre    of 

plant  food  in  solution  are  washed  out.  In  an 
area  of  about  12,000,000  acres  in  the  Pied- 
mont, more  than  4,000,000  tons  of  material 
are  annually  washed  away,  the  value  of  the 
plant  food  exceeding  $2,000,000. 

By  controlling  the  rainfall  so  that  the 
water  goes  off  the  land  no  more  rapidly 
than  Nature  intended  that  it  should,  a  large 
part  of  this  waste  can  be  prevented. 

In  the  Mountain  section,  as  in  the  Pied- 
mont,   the    rocks    are   decayed    to    a   great 
depth,  and  in  most  places  there  is  a  deep 
loamy   soil   to   the  summits   of   the   ridges. 
The  soils  are  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  or 
are  composed  largely  of  red  clay.     They  are 
highly  fertile  and  yield  abundant  and  varied 
crops.     There  are  many  fertile  valleys  with 
deep  alluvial  soils. 
While   erosion   is  less 
rapid  than  in  the  Pied- 
mont, the  steep  moun- 
tain   sides    are   easily 
stripped  of  soil  when 
the  trees  are  cut  away 
and  nothing  is  done  to 
prevent-  too     rapid 
Streamwork.  (Fig.  19.) 
Only    intelligent    care 
of  the  forests,  and  ter- 
racing  the   cultivated 
land,    are   needed    to 
protect    these    fertile 

,  J         11  Fig.  21.   Hauling  logs  to  amountain  sawmill.   Because  of  ,   _        ^       i 

Slopes    and    valleys.  the  distance  to  railroads,  only  the  choicest  timber  is  cut.        spruce  and  fir.     In  the 


(Fig.  4.)  On  peaty  or  sandy  soils,  with  a 
marl  subsoil,  the  cedar  and  the  juniper  grow. 
The  famous  long-leaf  pine,  the  live  oak  with 
wide-spreading,  moss-festooned  limbs,  the 
magnolia  and  the  palmetto,  the  hickory,  ash, 
maple,  and  holly  are  also  found.  Here,  too, 
are  the  scuppernong  grape,  the  strawberry,  and 
the  huckleberry. 

On  the  uplands  of  the  Piedmont  are  oaks, 
hickory,  and  dogwood,  intermixed  with  short- 
leaf  pine.     In  Orange,  Granville,  Person,  and 
Alamance  counties  there  is  a  belt  of  hard- 
woods.   From  Greensboro  to  Charlotte  and  in 
parts  of  Lincoln  and  Catawba  counties  extend 
belts  of  oaks  and  hickories.     In  the  southern 
part  of  Union  County  and  in  parts  of  Durham 
County  there  is  much  more  pine  than  oak. 
The   forests   of   the 
Mountain    region    are 
largely    hardwoods. 
Here  the  yellow  pop- 
lar, the  chestnut,  and 
the  red,  chestnut,  and 
white  oaks  attain  large 
size.      On   the   higher 
elevations  are  lindens, 
birches,  hard  and  soft 
maples,  beech,  ash,  and 
wild  cherry.      On  the 
cold   north  slopes  are 
found  hemlock  forests, 
and,  at  high  elevations, 


THE  GEOGRAPH\  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


13 


river  valleys  the  white  pine  grows ;  south  of 
the  French  Broad  is  the  yellow  pine. 

North  Carolina  has  153  kinds  of  trees,  fifty- 
seven  of  which  are  of  great  economic  value. 
Of  these  trees  fourteen  attain  a  height  of  more 
than  one  hundred  feet,  three  of  more  than 
140  feet ;  sixteen  reach  a  diameter  of  five  feet, 
and  seven  a  diameter  of  seven  feet.  Here 
are  found  twenty-four  oaks,  and  eight  of  the 
nine  hickories  that  grow  in  the  United  States. 
Here  are  the  six  maples  of  the  eastern  United 
States,  all  the  lindens  and  magnolias,  three 
of  the  birches,  eight  pines  out  of  eleven,  both 
species  of  hemlock  and  balsam  fir,  three  elms 
out  of  five,  and  several  species  of  plum, 
cherr\%  and  apple. 

In  the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of 
the  state  are  the  palmetto,  prickly  ash, 
American  olive,  mock  orange,  and  live  oak. 
The  mountains  of  the  west  are  the  southern 
limit  of  the  black  spruce,  striped  and  spiked 
maples,  mountain  sumac,  balsam  fir,  and 
aspen. 

A  few  trees  found  only  in  this  state  and  its 
immediate  vicinity  are  the  yellow  wood,  the 
large-leaf  umbrella,  and  the  clammy  locust. 

The  forests  in  many  sections  of  the  state 
abound  in  medicinal  roots  and  herbs.  In 
some  places,  as  at  Henderson,  Statesville, 
and  Asheville,  the  gathering  and  shipping  of 
these  medicinal  plants  is  a  profitable  industry. 

Originally,  from  seashore  to  mountains, 
North  CaroHna  was  almost  entirely  forest 
clad.  These  forests,  one  of  the  state's  chief 
sources  of  wealth,  have  been  handled  with 
little  economy.  They  yielded  fuel,  building 
material,  and  turpentine. 

But  the  farmer,  in  clearing  the  land,  cut 
down  and  burned  timber  worth  millions  of 
dollars.  The  lumberman  destroyed  and  still 
destroys  the  j^oung  trees,  giving  no  thought 
to  their  future  value.  The  turpentine  oper- 
ator so  cut  the  trees  that  they  were  soon 
exhausted;  then,  covered  with  resinous  oil, 
they  fell  an  easy  prey  to  forest  fires.     At 


the  same  time  these  fires  destroj^ed  the 
young  growth  and  prevented  natural  reseed- 
ing.  Thus  these  magnificent  resources  have 
been  wasted.  Yet  nearly  two-thirds  of  the 
area  of  North  Carolina  is  still  covered  with 
forests,  and  with  the  efforts  now  being  made 
to  conserve  them,  they  may  be  made  a  per- 
manent source  of  wealth.      (Fig.  20.) 

Game.  The  shores  of  North  Carolina  form 
the  greatest  resort  for  game  and  fish  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  Millions  of  wild  fowl  stop 
here  on  their  way  between  the  North  and  the 
South.  Water  fowl  and  shore  birds  abound 
in  greater  numbers  than  elsewhere  on  the 
continent.  Canvasback,  red-head,  mallard, 
and  black  duck,  wild  geese  and  brant,  the 
snow  goose  and  pintail,  are  all  found.  Until 
recently  the  yearly  slaughter  of  these  birds 
by  millinery  feather  hunters  and  sportsmen 
has  been  tremendous.  In  Currituck  County 
it  is  said  the  native  gunners  in  one  season 
received  about  $150,000  for  ducks  and  geese 
shipped  to  northern  markets. 

As  no  attempt  was  made  to  protect  the 
birds,  they  were  killed  all  the  year  around,  and 
now  some  of  the  more  valuable  species  are 
practically  extinct.  Even  the  quail  was  at  one 
time  in  danger  of  extennination.  In  1903  the 
state  incorporated  the  Audubon  Society,  which 
is  responsible  for  the  protection  of  the  birds. 

Among  the  forests,  meadows,  and  swamps 
of  the  Coastal  Plain  the  bear,  the  fox,  other 
fur-bearing  animals,  and  the  deer  now  make 
their  homes. 

Fish  and  Fisheries.  The  sounds  in  eastern 
North  Carolina  are  either  the  home  or  the 
stopping  place  of  an  unusually  large  variety 
of  food  fishes.  The  low,  sandy  islands,  the 
peninsulas,  and  the  many  sounds  and  inlets 
of  the  long,  curving  coast  make  an  ideal 
fishing  ground.  The  principal  fish  are  the 
shad,  the  herring,  the  bass,  the  menhaden 
(valuable  as  a  fertilizer  and  becatise  of  the 
oil  it  yields) ,  the  bluefish,  Spanish  mackerel, 
mullet,  trout,  and  sheepshead. 


14 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Fig.    2j.      LaiiiJiiii;  jiili   at  Avoca   hcach.    llie    "catch," 
shad  and  herring,  to  he  sent  to  iVorlhern  tnarkets. 

The  principal  fisheries  are  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Roanoke  and  Chowan  rivers  at 
the  head  of  Albemarle  Sound  (Fig.  22), 
and  at  the  meeting  of  the  Neuse  and  Trent 
rivers.  Morehead  City  on  Bogue  Sound  is 
one  of  the  most  important  fish  markets  in 
the  country. 

In  herring  fisheries  the  state  ranks  first ;  in 
shad,  second.  At  Edenton  the  government 
maintains  a  fish  hatchery  for  the  purpose  of 
stocking  the  rivers  and  sounds  with  shad  and 
other  fish.  At  Beaufort  the  government  has 
a  fine  laboratory  for  the  study  of  animal  life 
in  the  sounds  and  ocean. 

Rocks  and  Minerals.  Within  the  Coastal 
Plain,  along  the  high,  steep  bluffs  of  river 
courses,  the  surface  is  everywhere  under- 
laid by  gravel,  sands,  and  clays.  (Fig.  23.) 
Along  the  western  border  of  this  region  are 
occasional  outcrops 
of  granite  and  slates. 
(Fig.  23.)  In  a  num- 
ber of  eastern  and 
southeastern  coun- 
ties limited  beds  of 
limestone  occur. 
Phosphate  pebbles 
have  been  found  in 
the  southern  coun- 
ties of  Brunswick, 
Duplin,  Pender,  New 
Hanover,  and  Onslow.  Fig.  23. 


In  the  Piedmont  region  there  are  two 
narrow  belts  of  red  sandstone.  (Fig.  23.) 
The  eastern  belt  contains  coal  deposits,  and 
red,  gray,  and  brown  sandstone  suitable  for 
building  purposes. 

The  older  crystalline  rocks  extend  across 
the  state  in  a  northeast  and  southwest 
course.  Of  these  the  great  slate  belt  is 
forty  miles  wide.  The  rocks,  folded,  broken, 
and  tilted,  frequently  contain  veins  of  gold- 
bearing  ores.  West  of  the  slate  belt  is  a 
band  of  rocks  from  ten  to  twenty  miles  wide. 
These  rocks  are  veined  with  copper,  iron,  and 
gold-carrying  ores.  West  of  this  region,  and 
extending  to  the  Blue  Ridge  ^fountains,  is  an 
area  of  crystalline  rocks,  with  here  and  there 
belts  of  slate.  Quartz  veins  among  the  rocks 
occasionally  contain  gold-bearing  ores. 

Over  a  large  part  of  the  ilountain  region 
are  the  older  crystalline  rocks  (Fig.  23). 
These  rocks,  greatly  folded  and  turned  on 
their  edges,  contain  iron,  gold,  and  silver 
ores.  Along  the  ranges  of  the  Smoky  and 
Blue  Ridge  mountains  are  narrower  belts 
of  rock  of  a  much  younger  period. 

While  North  Carolina  has  a  large  variety 
of  minerals,  they  do  not  occur  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  make  mining  a  profitable 
industry  as  compared  with  states  like  Penn- 
sylvania and  Alabama. 

Gold  is  found  chiefly  in  Cabarrus.  Catawba, 
Guilford,   Stanly,   and   Union  counties   and 


' Coaatal  Plain  foi 


rta  Triaagic.  Sandstone  Gynnitf^  and  gn, 

A  geologic  map  of  North  Carolina. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


IS 


of  granite  quarry  near  Salisbury, 
Rowan  County. 

silver  in  Rowan  County.  The  largest  gold- 
producing  mine  is  in  Montgomery  County. 
The  largest  deposits  of  copper  are  found  in 
Rowan  County,  but  copper  also  exists  in 
Stanly,  Cabarrus,  Jackson,  Ashe,  and  Person 
counties.  While  the  most  widely  known  iron 
mine  is  at  Cranberr}^  ^litchell  County,  there 
are  iron  deposits  in  Jackson,  Chatham, 
Cherokee,  and  Ashe  coimties. 

North  Carolina  leads  the  Union  in  the 
production  of  mica.  It  is  found  chiefly  in 
Mitchell,  Yancey,  Macon,  Haywood,  Moore, 
and  Stokes  counties.  It  is  made  into  sheets 
for  stoves  and  is  used  in  making  electrical 
apparatus,  fireproof  materials,  lubricating 
materials,  and  for  packing  steam  pipes  and 
boilers.  The  best  product  of  the  mines 
is  used  in  making 
certain  kinds  of  paper 
and  paints. 

Talc  of  the  finest 
quality  is  produced, 
principally  in  Swain 
County.  It  is  used 
in  making  tailors' 
pencils  and  dustless 
crayon  for  the  school- 
room, and  is  also 
groimd  and  sold  as 
talcimi  powder.    The 


valuable  monazite  deposits  in  the  central 
western  part  of  the  state  form  the  source 
of  supply  for  the  entire  country. 

Tin  is  found  in  Gaston  County ;  millstones 
in  Rowan  County ;  graphite  in  Wake  County ; 
coal  in  Chatham  and  Moore  counties.  Gran- 
ite is  quarried  in  Rowan  and  Surry  counties 


JS">- 
igoo.. 
iSgo.. 
iSSo.. 
iSto.. 
iSbo.. 
rSjo.. 
rS^.. 
jSjo.. 
iSso.. 
iSio. . 
iSoc.. 
jjqo.. 


lO       13        14       10       IS      so       22      24 


.'i,4 


Fig.  26.     The  population  of 

North  Carolina  in  hundreds 

of  thousands  and  the  density 

per  square  mile  at  each 

federal  census. 

(Fig.  24),  the  chief  center  of  the  industry 
being  Mount  Airy.  Excellent  clay  suitable 
for  the  making  of  brick  and  tiling  is  found 
in  more  than  half  of  the  counties  of  the  state. 

//.     HISTORY  OF  THE  ST.4TE 

The  Indians.  For  hundreds  of  years  the 
Indians  were  the  only  inhabitants  of  the 
land  now  known  as  North  Carolina.  They 
roamed  from  place  to  place,  living  in  wig- 
wams, plying  their  log  canoes  along  the  rivers 
and  among  the  sounds.     The  men  hunted 


Fig.  25. 


A  map  showing  early  explorations  and  settlements,  and  the  part  played 
by  North  Carolina  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 


i6 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


and  fished,  while  the  women 
scratched  the  soil  here  and 
there  with  a  crooked  stick 
and  raised  a  Httle  corn,  a  few 
potatoes,  and  a  small  quan- 
tity of  tobacco.  But  the  vast 
resources  Nature  had  lavished 
upon  the  region  remained  un- 
developed until  the  coming 
of  the  white  man. 

While  the  settlers  in  the 
Piedmont  region  gradually 
pushed  the  Indians  to  the 
Mountain  region,  the  settlers 
in  the  east  followed  the  rivers 
to  the  Fall  Line,  driving  the 
Indians  farther  westward.  In 
a  few  years  the  whole  country 


Fig.  27.    Daniel  Boone.    From  a  por- 
trait made  in  iSig,  fiow  in  pos- 
session of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society. 


Drummond  of  Virginia  Gov- 
ernor. In  1728  the  King  of 
England  bought  the  lands  of 
seven  of  the  Lords  Proprie- 
tors, and  the  next  year  North 
Carolina  was  separated  from 
South  Carolina.     (Fig.  25.) 

The  earliest  settlements  in 
North  Carolina  were  made 
along  the  Chowan,  Roanoke, 
and  Pamlico  rivers.  The  Swiss 
settled  at  the  junction  of  the 
Neuse  and  Trent  rivers,  and 
later  settlers  from  South  Caro- 
lina located  on  the  lower  Cape 
Fear.  These  colonists  did  not 
settle  in  groups,  but  spread 
all  along  the  rivers.     It  was 


was  taken  from  the  Indians  except  a  small 
area  in  Jackson  and  Swain  counties,  where 
a  small  tribe  of  Indians  still  lives.      (Fig.  2.) 

Settlement  and  Early  History.  This  region 
early  attracted  the  English,  who  made  three 
unsuccessful  attempts  to  plant  a  colony  on 
this  coast  before  the  first  English  settlement 
(1607)  was  made  in  Virginia.  About  fifty 
years  later  some  Virginians  explored  this 
"Summer  Land"  along  the  Albemarle  Sound. 
Its  fame  spread  through  neighboring  colonies 
and  drew  a  number  of 
settlers  to  the  region. 
The  first  settlement,  it 
is  believed,  was  on  Per- 
quimans River  and  was 
later  called  the  "New 
Plantation."  (Fig.  25.) 

In  1663  the  King  of 
England  gave  all  the 
territory  between  Vir- 
ginia and  Florida  to 
eight  of  his  favorites. 
These  Lords  Proprie- 
tors of  Carolina,  as 
they  were  called, 
appointed    William 


Fig.  28.     The  Capil.'l  <;/  Raleigh.      The  building  has 
noteworthy  situation,  and  the  surrounding  grounds 
are  janied  for  their'wealth  of  fine  old  trees. 


almost  fifty-five  years  after  the  first  settle- 
ments were  made  before  Bath,  the  first  town, 
was  incorporated.  The  early  settlers  were 
all  agriculturists.  The  governors  lived  on 
farms,  and  the  courts  and  general  assembly 
met  around  at  different  plantations. 

As  the  settlem.ents  grew  in  number  they 
extended  farther  and  farther  up  the  river 
until  they  reached  the  Fall  Line.  The  soi? 
was  fertile  and  the  forests  were  rich  in  food 
for  cattle  and  hogs.  Tobacco,  wheat,  corn,  and 
potatoes  were  grown 
and  great  quantities 
of  beef,  pork,  butter, 
and  cheese  produced. 
The  long-leaf  pine 
yielded  tar,  pitch,  and 
turpentine,  products 
that  gave  North  Caro- 
lina the  name  "Tar 
Heel  State." 

Soon  a  large  trade 
was  established  with 
the  West  Indies  and 
the  mother  country. 
This  trade  called  for 
home  markets,  places 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


17 


where  goods  could  be  exchanged,  bought, 
or  sold ;  and  thus  towns  sprang  up  along  the 
rivers.  Bath  on  the  Pamlico  (1705);  then 
Newbern  on  the  Xeuse  (1710) ;  and  Edenton 


Total  foreign  hor-. 

Gtrmany 

England 

Cattada 

Ireland 

Scotland 

Italy. ..r. 

All  other  caunir! 


b'o     go     too 


J 1 L 


Fig.  29.   Proportion  of  joreign- 

born  population  of  each  leading 

nationality  in  North  Carolina. 

twelfth  census. 


on  the  Chowan  (1710).  Later  (1725),  Bruns- 
wick on  Cape  Fear  was  laid  out,  and  Xewton, 
now  Wilmington  (1733),  was  begun.  As 
settlements  pushed  farther  and  farther  up  the 
rivers  other  towns  were  laid  out,  and  thus 
Halifax,  Tarboro,  Kinston,  and  Fayetteville 
were  established  as  distributing  points  for 
the  western  portion  of  the  Coastal  Plain. 

Across  the  middle  of  the  Piedmont  section 
stretches  the  great  highway  between  the 
North  and  the  South.  Immigrants  coming 
up  the  rivers  of  South  Carolina  often  pushed 
up  the  valleys  between  the  Yadkin  and  the 
Catawba  rivers.  They  knew  practically  noth- 
ing about  the  settlers  on  the  east  coast. 

A  few  years  after  the  first  settlements  in 
the  Piedmont  section  (about  1740)  immigrants 
began  to  arrive  from  Pennsylvania.  Some 
were   Irish,    others   English   Quakers,    many 


Tolat  population 
Native  to  slate... 
South  Carolina.. 

Virginia 

Tennessee. 

Atlotlicr  statei.. 


40      50       bo      -JO      So      qo 


Fig.  30.  State  of  birth  of  the  native- 
born  po pulation  of  North  Carolina, 
twelfth  census. 


were  Germans.  They  followed  the  foothills 
of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  settled  along  the  Dan 
and  the  upper  waters  of  the  Yadkin.  Among 
these  settlers  was  Sqmre  Boone,  the  father 


of  Daniel  Boone,  who  crossed  the  Blue 
Ridge,  discovered  the  beautiful  Watauga 
country,  and  blazed  a  way  for  settlers. 
(Fig.  27.)  In  1753  the  Moravians  settled  and 
built  the  town  of  Salem.  (Figs.  29  and  30.) 
From  1729  to  1776  North  Carolina  was 
a  colony  of  England,  her  governors  were 
appointed  by  the  King,  and  her  laws  had  to 
be  approved  by  the  King.  North  Carolina, 
and  the  other  colonies,  declared  their  indepen- 
dence of  England.  The  Revolutionary  War 
was  fought  and  the  colonies  were  separated 
from  the  mother  country.  Two  important 
battles  of  the  Revolution  were  fought  on 
North  Carolina  soil,  Moore's  Creek  Bridge 
and  Guilford  Courthouse.  The  battle  of 
King's  Mountain  was  fought,  chiefly  by  North 
Carolinians,    just    over    the    line    in    South 

per  cent  O        /O       20       SO       4°      S°     t>?       7?       *       ')°      '<>° 


All  occupation: 

Agriculture. . . 

Domestic  and 

personal  Sismi^t^  , 

Manufactures^        ^^^^^       j    FiG.  31.    Proportion  of  persons 
""fiortaHoli"  '  engaged  in  each  class  of  occu- 

_._j,...j.     ^  1  potions  in  North  Carolina, 

Professional  service. .'m        I  twelfth  CBUSUS. 

Carolina,  to  keep  the  British  from  entering 
the  state.  This  battle,  with  that  of  Guilford 
Courthouse,  turned  the  tide  of  war,  and  in  a 
short  time  the  British  surrendered  at  York- 
town  and  the  thirteen  colonies  were  free. 

The  first  Governor  of  the  state  was  Richard 
Caswell.  In  1792  the  capital  was  estab- 
lished in  Wake  County  and  called  Raleigh, 
after  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  attempted  to 
make  the  first  English  settlement  in  what  is 
now  North  Carolina. 

///.     OCCUP.ATIONS  OF  THE  PEOPLE 

About  four-fifths  of  the  inhabitants  of 
North  Carolina  are  engaged  in  agriculture. 
The  remainder  of  the  people  live  in  towns 
and  cities  and  are  chiefly  engaged  in  trade 
and  manufacturing.  Among  these  two  classes 
of  people  live  the  professional  men  who,  in 
one  wav  or  another,  administer  to  the  needs 


i8 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


t^        Lest  thnn  f;Mt/i>ei  ^i„ii<-e  ii'iU  $500  to  $1,000 pe,  /^'iitate  miU 

$1,000  to  $i,500  per  square  mile  ^_-_-    ^  $2,500 per  eqtiure  mile  and  over 

Fig.  32.     Map  showing  the  value  of  farm  products  of  North  Carolina, 
twelfth  census. 

of  all  the  people.  These  are  the  minister, 
the  teacher,  the  physician,  and  the  lawyer. 
(Fig.  31.) 

Agriculture.  The  greatest  by  far  of  North 
Carolina's  resources  are  her  fine  soil,  climate, 
and  water  supply.  These,  and  her  geographic 
position  between  the  regions  of  the  sub-trop- 
ical plants  of  the  South  and  the  more  hardy 
plants  of  the  North,  give  the  state  unusual 
advantages  for  agriculture.  Because  of  these 
conditions  agriculture  is  the  leading  occupa- 
tion of  the  people.     (Fig.  31.) 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  other  state  in  the 
Union  is  so  well  fitted  by  Nature  to  provide 
for  herself  as  North  Carolina.     The  soil  and 
climate  of  the  state  are  so  varied  that  almost 
every   Temperate-Belt   crop   may   be   culti- 
vated  within   her   borders.       The    favoring 
conditions   in    the 
Coastal    Plain  make 
possible  the  growing 
of  two  or  three  crops 
a  year  on  the  same 
land.     There,  within 
twelve  months,    gar- 
den truck,  grain,  and 
hay  may  be  harvested 
from  one  field. 

North  Carolina  con- 
tains a  large  area  of 
cultivable  land,  which 


is  divided  into  255,- 
814  farms,  having  an 
average  size  of  eighty- 
six  acres.  It  is  a  state 
of  small  farms,  with 
a  growing  tendency 
toward  still  smaller 
farms.  While  farm 
lands  in  some  sec- 
tions are  highly  im- 
proved (Fig.  3  5),  great 
improvements  also 
have  been  made  in 
agricultural  methods, 
with  a  proportionate  increase  in  the  yield  of 
products.  Yet  much  remains  to  be  done  in 
developing  farming. 

In  1900  North  Carolina  had  22,000,000 
acres  of  tillable  land,  twenty-six  per  cent 
of  which  was  improved.  (Fig.  32.)  The 
average  size  of  each  farm  was  loi  acres,  while 
the  value  of  her  farm  products  the  preceding 
year  was  less  than  $75,000,000.  (Part  IV, 
Table,  p.  32.)  In  comparison,  Pennsylvania 
had  18,000,000  acres  of  tillable  land,  sixty- 
eight  per  cent  being  improved.  The  average 
size  of  her  farms  was  eighty-six  acres,  and  her 
farm  products  had  a  value  of  about  $208,000,- 
000.  Thus  we  see  that  Pennsylvania,  with  a 
smaller  ciiltivable  area,  produced  crops  worth 
almost  three  times  as  much  as  those  produced 
in  the  state  of  North  Carolina. 


Fig.  33.     Map  showing  the  production  of  cotton  in 
North  Carolina  in  iQlo. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


19 


North  Carolina  is  an 
agricultural  state,  yet 
she  spends  millions  of 
dollars  annually  for 
foodstuffs  that  might 
be  produced  at  home. 
In  1909  North  CaroHna 
bought  from  other 
states  80,500  tons  of 
mill  foods,  worth  more 
than$i,368,ooo;  meat, 
valued  at  nearly 
$6,900,000;  more  than 

220,000    tons    of    hay,  Fig.  34.     A  cotton  , 

valued  at  $3,221,875;  nearly  250,000  pounds 
of  butter,  valued  at  about  $50,000;  565,164 
barrels  of  flour,  worth  about  $4,000,000;  and 
205,828  bushels  of  wheat,  valued  at  $237,000. 
All  these  things  could  easily  have  been 
produced  in  North  Carolina  and  this  amount 
of  money  kept  at  home. 

Progress  in  Farming.  Between  1900  and 
1 910  the  increase  in  improved  farm  lands 
was  forty  per  cent.  With  the  educational 
work  now  being  carried  on  by  the  national 
and  state  Departments  of  Agriculture,  and 
the  coming  of  the  farm-life  school,  the 
gain  will  be  far  more  rapid. 

The  work  of  the  Corn  Clubs  in  North 
Carohna  is  a  fine  demonstration  of  the 
remarkable  possibihties  of  North  Carolina 
soils  as  well  as  of  the  benefits  growing  out 


of  agricultural  educa- 
tion. The  plan  of  these 
clubs  is  for  each  boy 
to  plant  and  cultivate 
one  acre  of  com  ac- 
cording to  the  method 
outlined  in  bulletins 
sent  out  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture. 
He  must  keep  account 
of  all  expenses,  the 
amount  of  fertilizers 
used,  and  the  methods 
field  II!  Ill  .  I  .  ,:,ity.  of  cultivation.     Prizes 

are  gi\en  fur  the  greatest  yield,  for  the  best- 
kept  accounts,  and  the  best  statements  of 
work.  In  1909  one  thousand  boys  in  North 
Carolina  were  enrolled  in  these  clubs.  Their 
average  yield  of  corn  was  sixty  bushels 
per  acre.  In  comparison,  the  average  yield 
in  the  state  was  eighteen  and  a  half  bushels 
per  acre.  However,  one  farmer  raised  226 
bushels  on  one  acre.  Clubs  organized  to 
grow  other  farm  products  show  the  same 
astonishing  results. 

The  value  of  all  farm  products  for  the  year 
1910  exceeded  $120,000,000,  an  increase  of 
more  than  $47,000,000  in  ten  years.  (Fig. 
32.)  The  principal  crops  are  cotton,  com, 
tobacco,  oats,  wheat,  hay,  jjotatoes,  peanuts, 
garden  vegetables,  rice,  orchard  and  small 
fruits,  and  bulbs.     (Figs.  ^^,  36  and39.) 


T"-"  '• .: 

^ 

Hi 

y^ftlwl^l 

S^ 

&r                'Sfl^K  JIk 

k- 

, "  ■ 

-    ^'^WS;,"    B^r 

--^M 

r'l 

^JjE 

1 II II  u  111*^ 

--:^^ 

Fig.  35.     A  typical  farm  scene  tr  the  Piedinont. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Fig.  36.     The  yield  of  corn  in  North  Carolina 

In    1910    North    Carolina    had    1,359,000 
acres    planted    in    cotton;     the    yield    was 
675,00c  bales,  an  average  of  240  pounds  of 
lint  cotton  to  the  acre. 
This    is    the    greatest 
yield   per   acre   of   all 
the    Southern    states. 
Under  skillful  cultiva- 
tion and  careful  seed 
selection  the  soil  will 
yield  from  500  to  1,000 
pounds  of  lint  cotton 
to    the    acre.      ]\Iany 
farms  in   the   state 

show  an  average  yield     Fig.  37.     Com  yielding  more 
of  one  bale  of  cotton  to  an  acre,  while  the 
yield  per  acre  of  one  farm  in  Wake  County 
was  two  and  one-third  bales.    (Fig.  34.)     Al- 
though cotton  grows  in  almost  all 
sections  of  North  Carolina,  in   the 
northern  counties  it  is  not  profitably 
grown  very  far  west  of  the  Fall  Line ; 
in  the  southern  section  of  the  state 
it  flourishes  as  far  west  as  the  Blue 
Ridge  Mountains.     (Fig.  33.) 

Under  careful  cultivation  the  rich 
soil  of  North  CaroHna,  from  the 
coast  to  the  Tennessee  line,  yields 
corn  abundantly.  (Fig.  36.)  In 
1910  more  than  3,070,000  acres  were 
planted  in  corn;  about  54,600,000 
bushels  were  raised,  or  an  average  of 


eighteen  and  three- 
fifths  bushels  to  the 
acre.  This  is  not 
enough  corn  for  home 
needs,  and  thousands 
of  bushels  are  im- 
ported annually.  The 
state  should  not  only 
produce  corn  suffi- 
cient for  her  own 
needs,  but  have  much 
i.w(.„.7,w»i,.,.^,„„v„„;«»„d<,„r     to  sell.     (Fig.  37.) 

twelfth  census.  In    1910,    7,433,000 

bushels  of  wheat  were  harvested  from  652,000 
acres  of  land,  an  average  of  eleven  and  one- 
half  bushels  to  the  acre.  (Fig.  38.)  It  is 
said  that  it  takes  five 
and  one-half  bushels 
of  wheat  every  year  for 
each  person  in  the 
United  States.  On  this 
basis,  if  North  Carolina 
is  to  supply  her  own 
needs,  12,000,000 
bushels  will  be  required 
and  the  average  per 
acre  must  be  increased 
than  226  bushels  per  acre,  from  eleven  and  one- 
half  to  nineteen  bushels.  This  would  be 
enough  wheat,  provided  the  population 
remains  what  it  is  now.     But  the  number  of 


',S-     Harvesting  wheat  in  Wake  County. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


iqog- 
iqoo. 


iSyo. 

iSbo. 


h-'-jT^^t  than  1,000  ll>a.  per  .v^iuiiy  mile         ^^B  1,000  to  5,000  IOk.  per  square  mile         V//7/i^,  5,000  to  10,0<Xt  /&a.  jjer  ; 
^^B  10,0tj0  Ihtt.  per  st/uare  mije  and  oi^er  •    Less  than  I  lb.  per  square  mile 

Fig.  39.     Tlie  yield  of  tobacco  in  yorth  Carolina,  tweljlh  census. 

inhabitants  is  increasing  steadily  (Fig.  26), 
and  the  yield  of  wheat  must  increase  propor- 
tionately. In  the  same  year  190,000  acres 
were  devoted  to  oats,  the  yield  being  3,458,- 
000  bushels,  or  an  average  of  eighteen  and 
one-fifth  bushels  per  acre.  It  will  be  seen 
readily  that  the  average  yield  of  oats  is 
much  larger  than  that  of  wheat.  While  the 
Piedmont  section  is  naturalty  best  adapted 
to  the  growing  of  grain,  the  best  yield  of 
oats  is  found  in  the  Coastal  Plain. 

Tobacco  is  raised  throughout  the  Pied- 
mont and  in  some  sections  of  the  Coastal 
Plain.  (Figs.  39  and  40.)  With 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War  tobacco 
growing,  which  had  been  largely 
abandoned,  increased  rapidly.  (Fig. 
41.)  North  Carolina  now  ranks 
second  in  the  Union  in  production. 
In  1 910,  216,000  acres  were  planted 
to  this  crop,  the  yield  being  129,000,- 
000  pounds,  or  nearly  600  pounds 
per  acre.  The  estimated  value  of  the 
crop  was  $13,737,600. 

North  Carolina  is  the  original 
home  of  the  famous  bright  tobacco. 
The  first  crop  of  this  tobacco  was 
grown  in  1852  on  a  sandy  ridge  in 
Caswell  County.  Its  cultivation  soon 
spread  into  other  counties  and  also 
into  Virginia. 


Soil  and  climatic 
conditions  encourage 
the  growth  of  grasses. 
In  1 910,  1 7 5,000  acres 
were  devoted  to  this 
crop,  the  value  of  the 
262,000  tons  of  hay 
harvested  being  over 
$3,600,000,  or  S21.86 
per  acre.  (Fig.  42.) 
The  extensive  grow- 
ing of  peanuts  is  con- 
fined largely  to  the 
northeastern  counties 
of  the  state.  North  Carolina  is  second  only 
to  Virginia  in  production.  The  sweet  potato 
flourishes  ever\'where,  but  the  greatest  yield 


JO    40    ;p   bo 


^ 


Fig.   41.     The  yield  oj  tobacco  in 

.Xortli  Carolina  for  six  decaaes. 

and  jor  the  year  igog.   in 

millions  of  pounds. 


is  in  the  Coastal  Plain.     (Fig.   44.)     North 
Carolina  leads  all  the  states  in  production. 


Fig.  40.     .4  tobacco  field  in  the  Piedmont. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


MT^ 


Fig.  42. 


The  growing  of  garden  truck, 
and  melons,  which  has  developed 
within  the  last  twenty  years,   is 
rapidly  becoming  a  leading  in- 
dustry.   (Fig.  43.)    The  greatest 
trucking  region  is  along  the  line  s 
of  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line,  tht- 
Norfolk   &   Southern,    and    thf 
Seaboard  Air  Line  railroads.    Ir 
the  territory  traversed  by  the>' 
roads,  from  Scotland  County  to 
Wilmington,   are    to    be    found 
some  of  the  state's  most  highly 
developed  farming  lands.      The 
soils  of  some  of  the  mountain  counties,  how- 
ever, are  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cer- 
tain trucking  products. 
Here,  with  the  coming 
of  the  railroad,  afford- 
ing ready  access  to  the 
markets,  these  coun- 
ties will  become  great 
trucking  regions. 

The  growing  of  bulbs 
for  the  flower  trade, 
while  largely  confined 
to  Duplin  County,  is 
one  of  the  profitable 
industries  of  the  state. 
Ideal  conditions  for 

their  growth  are  found  here,  and  this   sec- 
tion produces  better  bulbs  than  are  grown 


':^0!^^^ 


"^«*Mte: 


'•^mx 


«p-. 


Ipr  *  ^hf^^l^' 


^3HK1 


.i^: 


3»x. 


- 

^^ 

V 

^ 

mM 

a^ 

■p^     .'""ii-.^i^^^i^ 

i 

'.'■■■■■<-^^'- 

^r 

& 

im 

^ 

?■■ 

Wl^fM 

r.  , '  J  J, 

^ 

■.wk 

^1 

K^ 

Fig.   43.      In  the  truck-farming  district.     Growing  early 
beans  for  Northern  markets. 


Leaa  than  100  hunhel^  per  sqiinre  mile  100  tu  I'OO  l/iiaheh  per  squrne  mile  '^00  bii.-ht!.^  per  ,sifuitre  mi 

Fig.  44.     The  yield  of  sweet  potatoes  in  North  Carolina,  twelfth  census. 


A  field  of  timothy  and  red  clover  which  yielded 
three  tons  to  the  acre. 

elsewhere  in  the  United  States.  Duplin 
County  bulbs  have  long  been  recognized 
as  the  equal  of  any 
imported   bulbs. 

In    North    Carolina 
both  climate  and  soil 
invite  the   cultivation 
of   fruits.       (Fig.   45.) 
In    their    adaptability 
to    the    growing    of 
apples    some    of    the 
mountain  climates  are 
only  excelled  by  those 
of  the  famous  Oregon 
apple    country.     In 
time  these  regions  bid 
fair  to  rival  even  Oregon  as  an  apple  country. 
The  sandy  soils  of  Moore,  Richmond,  Cumber- 
land, and  other  coun- 
ties are  well  adapted 
to    the    growing    of 
peaches,  and  in  some 
parts  of  this  section 
large  areas  are  being 
devoted  to  the  culti- 
vation of   this   fruit. 
The  growing  of  small 
fruits    has    already 
become     a    well- 
established  industry. 
North    Carolina 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


is  the  natural  home 
of  the  grape.  The 
famous  scuppernong 
grape,  while  not  well 
adapted  to  shipping, 
is  one  of  the  finest 
known  wine  grapes. 
North  Carolina  is  one 
of  the  chief  straw- 
berry-producing sec- 
tions of  the  United 
States.  The  straw- 
berry thrives  especi- 
ally  in    the   southeastern 


Fig. 


45- 


The  value  of  orchard  products  in  Nortit  Carolina  by  counties, 
twelfth  census. 


counties. 

Live-stock  raising  receives  much  attention 
in  the  Piedmont  and  Mountain  sections  of 


North  Carolina  are  shipped  out  of  the  state. 

Manufactures.      Man  needs  food,  clothing, 

and  shelter.      Nature  provides  these  things 


ii£ 

^ids^m 

^.~.          -^^JHJ^S 

m 

^^3 

1 

m 

^          j    j;,:^ 

pV 

1 

U^te? 

'r3l 

* , 

M 

HHHHIi 

tm^sS^B^ 

1^1 

■H 

^iH| 

Fig.  46.     A  dairy  herd  on  a  farm  near  Charlotte. 


the  state.  Dairying  (Fig.  46)  is  an  impor- 
tant industry  in  certain  regions.  Many  cat- 
tle   fattened   on   the   fine  grass   in  western 


Fig.  47.     The  density  of  urban  population  in  North  Carolina,  twelfth  censu 


in  the  raw  state  abundantly,  and  man  must 
convert  them  into  products  that  can  be  used 
to  his  advantage.  This  process  we  call 
manufacturing. 

Because  of  the  fer- 
tility of  the  soil  and 
the  transportation 
facilities  afforded  by 
j  the  rivers, cities  devel- 
oped first  below  the 
Fall  Line.  As  much 
labor  is  needed  in 
manufacturing,  more 
and  more  people  are 
drawn  to  factory 
towns,  and  thus  great 


24 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Fig.  48.      The  value  of  manujactured  products  in  North 

centers  of  population  develop.  (Fig.  47.) 
Hence,  with  the  coming  of  the  railroad  and 
the  factory  to  the  Piedmont,  cities  grew  in 
that  section  much  more  rapidly  than  in  the 
farming  regions  of  the  Coastal  Plain. 

The  leading  industrial  section,  where  more 
than  three-fourths  of  the  manufacturing 
of  the  state  is  carried  on,  is  between 
Raleigh,  Greensboro,  and  Charlotte.  (Fig. 
48.)  If  we  should  follow  the  line  of  the 
Southern  Railroad  from  Durham  through 
Burlington,  Greensboro,  Salisbury,  Con- 
cord, Charlotte,  and  Gastonia,  we  would 
pass  through  the  center  of  the  cotton  industry. 

North  Carolina  factories  consume  more 
bales  of  cotton  than  those  of  any  other 
southern  state,  and  Gaston  County  leads 
in  the  numliiT  of  factories  and  the  amount 


of  capital  invested. 
In  1880  there  were 
only  forty-nine  cotton 
factories  in  the  state. 
Now  (191 1)  there  are 
331.  (Fig.  49.)  These 
factories  use  more 
than  755,667  bales  of 
cotton  annually, while 
the  state's  yield  is 
only  about  649,000 
Carolina,  tweljth  census.  bales.  Thus  her  fac- 
tories consume  100,000  more  bales  of  cotton 
than  are  raised  in  the  state.  As  North  Caro- 
lina cotton  is  unsuited  for  certain  grades  of 
cloth,  more  than  3,000  bales  of  cotton  are 
imported  from  West  India  and  Egypt. 
North  Carolina  is  second  only  to  Massa- 


FlG.  50.     A  steam  sawmill  with  log,  yard  among,  the 
foothills  near  Franklin. 


Fig.  49.     A  large  cotton  mill  near  Raleigh. 


chusetts  in  the  amount  of  cotton  manufac- 
tured. In  comparison.  Great  Britain  manu- 
factures about  five  times  as  much  cotton  as 
North  Carolina;  Germany,  three  times  as 
much ;  and  France,  twice  as  much.  As  for- 
eign labor  is  more  skilled  than  that  of  North 
Carolina,  these  countries  make  the  finer 
goods.  North  Carolina  and  other  southern 
states,  as  a  rule,  making  the  coarser  goods. 

Woolen  mills  are  found  in  Spray,  Snow 
Camp,  Weaverville,  Lincolnton,  Newton, 
Patterson,  Winston-Salem,  Leaksville,  Elkin, 
and  IMount  Airy.  There  are  silk  factories  in 
Wadesboro,  Fayetteville,  and  High  Point. 

If  we  follow  the  belt  of  hardwood  from 
Alamance  County  through  Guilford,  David- 
son, Randolph,  Forsyth,  Surry,  Davie,  Ire- 
dell, Catawba,  and  Caldwell  counties,  we 
shall   find   most   of   the    furniture    factories 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


25 


in  these  counties.  In 
production  Guilford 
County  leads  all  the 
others,  with  High 
Point  as  the  greatest 
center  for  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture  in 
the  South.  Thomas- 
ville  is  well  known 
for  its  manufacture 
of  chairs. 

The  tobacco  fac- 
tories are  all  located 
in  the  tobacco  belt. 


t-.;V.,    ■  Less  th 


Fig.  51 

Winston-Salem,  Dur- 
ham, Reidsville,  and  Wilson  are  the  tobacco 
towns.  These  places  have  been  built  up  on 
the  tobacco  industry.  Their  products  are 
sent  to  all  parts  of  the  world. 

The  forests  of  long-leaf  pine,  oak,  hickory, 
cypress,  and  juniper  encourage  the  manu- 
facture of  lumber,  and  in  almost  every 
cotmty  the  sawmill  is  busy  converting  timber 
into  lumber.  Other  factories  are  engaged  in 
making  this  lumber  into  all  kinds  of  building 
material.  There  are  more  than  200  lumber 
plants  in  the  state.       (Figs.  21,  50,  and  51.) 

The  clay  deposits  offer  excellent  opportu- 
nities for  brick  making.  More  than  thirty-five 
large  plants  are  engaged  ii)  making  building, 
ornamental,  and  pressed  brick,  and  tihng. 

There  are  sixty-four  large  flouring  and 
grist  mills  in  the  state.  These  are  found 
chieflv  in  the  Piedmont  and  Moiontain  sec- 


$2,500 per  square  mile  ^^m  $2,500 per  squaye  mite  and  aver 

uc  of  lumber  and  timber  products  in  North  Carolina,  twelfth  census. 


tions,  where  wheat  and  corn  are  the  leading 
crops.  From  these  mills  carloads  of  flour 
and  meal  are  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the 
country.  Factories  for  the  canning  of  fruits 
and  vegetables  are  found  chiefly  at  Elkin, 
Reidsville,  and  at  Morganton.  The  Girls' 
Tomato  Clubs  have  greatly  encouraged  this 
industry.  Breakfast  foods  are  prepared  at 
Asheville  and  rice  mills  are  located  at  Golds- 
boro.  Salad  oil  and  cooking  fats  are  made 
from  cottonseed  oil  manufactured  in  the  state. 
One  of  the  newer  industries  is  a  great  plant 
at  Canton,  in  Haywood  County,  for  making 
wood  pulp  for  the  manufactiu^e  of  paper. 
(Fig.  52.)  This  plant  consumes  more  than  600 
cords  of  chestnut,  oak,  hemlock,  and  pine  a 
day  and  employs  more  than  1,200  men.  The 
pulp,  like  thick  blotting  paper,  comes  out  in 
broad  sheets  that  roll  up,  and  in  this  form  is 
ready  to  be  shipped  to  the  paper  factories. 


Fig.  52.     A  pulp  mill  near  Canton.     This  mill  has  a  capacity  of  ten  carloads  of  paper  pulp  per  day. 


26 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


While  most  of  the  manufacturing  plants 
are  engaged  in  manufacturing  clothing,  food- 
stuffs, building  materials,  and  furniture, 
several  hundred  other  factories  are  engaged 
in  making  many  varied  products.     (Fig.  53.) 

When  a  child  is  born  he  may  be  wrapped 
in  clothes  made  in  North  Carolina  mills, 
his  cradle  may  come  from  High  Point,  his 
bed  from  Goldsboro,  Mebane,  or  Salisbury; 
the  ticking  for  his  mattress  from  many  dif- 
ferent cotton  mills;  the  blankets  that  cover 


o    10    20   JO    40   ^0    60    70    So    go    TOO  rro  rzo  rjo  140  iKO 


iqos-- 
tgoo.. 


tS7o- 
tSbo.. 
,Sso. 


-L^ 


t — \ — u 


^\     Fig.  53.     The  growth  of  manufactures  in 
"  '     North  Carolina  for  six  decades,  and  for 
the  year  190},  in  millions  of  dollars. 

him,  from  Spray,  Patterson,  Leaksville,  or 
Winston-Salem;  and  the  quilts  from  Ashe- 
ville.  As  he  grows  older,  the  leather  for 
his  shoes  may  come  from  Asheville,  Old 
Fort,  Sylva,  or  North  Wilkesboro;  his  shoes 
from  Rutherford  College,  Winston-Salem,  or 
High  Point ;  his  suspenders  from  High  Point ; 
the  wick  for  his  lamp  from  Lawndale.  His 
clothes — if  ready-made — are  probably  manu- 
factured in  Charlotte,  Mooresville,  Rocky 
Mount,  Durham,  or  Wilmington;  while  his 
hose  can  be  had  from  eighty  or  more  knitting 
mills  in  the  state.  His  buggies,  carts,  and 
wagons  may  be  made  at  thirty  different 
factories  from  Elizabeth  City  almost  to 
Asheville.  If  he  wishes  an  automobile  it 
can  be  had  from  Henderson;  machinery  for 
mills  from  Greensboro  or  Charlotte ;  baskets 
for  the  farm  from  .Greenville,  Elizabeth 
City,  and  High  Point;  packing  boxes  from 
Winston-Salem,  Reidsville,  Mount  Olive,  and 
Goldsboro.  His  brooms  may  be  made  in 
Lexington,  Hickory,  or  Durham;  fertilizers 
for  his  crops  in  Wilmington,  Raleigh,  New- 
bem,  Selma,  Farmville,  Reidsville,  Goldsboro, 
or  Durham;  his  pumps  for  water  supply  in 


Bryson  or  Hickory ;  his  window  shades  and 
stoves  at  Greensboro.  Mirrors  for  his  house 
may  come  from  High  Point  or  Lexington; 
organs  for  his  church  from  High  Point. 
When  he  is  ill  his  medicine  will  probably  be 
made  from  plants  gathered  in  the  western 
part  of  the  state.  Finally,  when  he  comes  to 
die  he  may  be  buried  in  a  coffin  made  in  Rose 
Hill,  Advance,  Burlington,  Charlotte,  High 
Point,  Reidsville,  or  North  Wilkesboro. 

These  products  represent  the  varied  indus- 
tries through  which  the  Piedmont  is  rapidly 
becoming  one  of  the  greatest  industrial  re- 
gions of  the  cotmtry.  Yet  every  section  of 
the  state  is  turning  to  manufacturing. 

Railroads  and  Highways.  The  railroad 
is  doing  much  to  facilitate  trade  and  com- 
merce, for  owing  to  the  lack  of  good  harbors, 
North  Carolina's  commerce  is  largely  carried 
on  by  the  railroads.  There  are  4,576  miles  of 
railroad  in  the  state.      (Fig.  54.) 

Within  North  Carolina  there  are  five  great 
railroad  systems.  These  great  roads,  together 
with  the  smaller  independent  lines,  carry  the 
surplus  products  of  the  farms  and  the  man- 
ufactured goods  of  the  cities  to  all  parts  of 


iqio. 
igoo. 
iSqo. 
'SSo. 
iSjo. 
iSbo. 
iSjo. 


^^^\    Fig.   54.     The   railroad  mileage  in 
>    A'orth  Carolina  for  senen  decades,  in 
thousa7ids  of  miles. 

the  country,  bringing  in  return  articles  needed 
but  not  produced  at  home.  (Figs.  56  and  57.) 
In  the  early  days  when  food,  clothing,  and 
utensils  were  all  produced  at  home,  rough, 
rocky,  or  muddy  roads  were  no  great  hin- 
drance, for  there  was  little  travel  or  exchange 
of  goods.  To-day  the  city  is  dependent 
upon  the  country  for  food,  clothing,  and 
building  material,  the  surplus  from  the  farms 
being  exchanged  in  foreign  markets  or  manu- 
factured into  products  which  are  resold  to 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


27 


Fig. 


One  oj  .\orth  Caroiina's  iieiv  macadam  ruads. 


the  country.  Farm  products  reach  the  rail- 
roads and  are  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  world 
through  many  of  the  cities  and  towns,  which 
grew  up  with  the  coming  of  the  railroads. 
(Fig.  56.)  Therefore  it  is  necessary  that 
the  farms  be  connected  with  the  towns  and 
cities  by  good  highways  or  country  roads. 
For  in  order  to  facilitate  travel  and  the  sale 
and  exchange  of  goods  a  state  needs  good 
roads  as  well  as  railroads.  This  need  has 
created  much  interest  everywhere  in  the 
building  of  good  roads.  North  Carolina 
appropriates  85,000  annually  to  be  expended 
in  giving  advice  and  engineering  assistance 
to  the  counties  of  the  state,  while  counties 
issue  bonds,  which  are  ^old,  the  money 
received  being  applied  to  road  bioilding. 
One-half   of   the   counties  of   the  state  are 


m 

r- 

— /'         .^ 

_-■  ■T' 

[g 

1 

^' 

1 

m 

09 

1 

m 

KJH 

already  actively  engaged  in  building  good 
roads.  (Fig.  55.)  A  great  highway  from 
New  York  to  Atlanta  crosses  the  Piedmont 
section  of  the  state,  and  another  great  high- 
way from  the  seacoast  to  the  Tennessee  line 
is  now  being  constructed. 

Trade  and  Commerce.  As  settlements 
mcreased  along  the  rivers  of  the  Coastal 
Plain  agricultural  products  increased,  with 
gradually  a  larger  and  larger  surplus.  Mar- 
kets for  this  surplus  must  be  found  outside 
the  state.  Hence  a  merchant  class  developed 
whose  business  it  was  to  ship  these  products 
to  other  states  and  countries,  buying  in  return 
articles  needed  by  the  settlers.     In  this  way 


Fig.  56.     M'ir\tt!ng  tobacco  at  Clayton. 


Fig.  57.     Freight  cars  being  loaded  with  blankets.    Here 
the  goods  are  taken  directly  from  fireproof  ware- 
houses and  put  aboard  the  cars. 

towns  sprang  up.  As  a  rule  the  chief  towns 
of  this  region  developed  either  near  the 
mouths  of  the  rivers  or  near  the  Fall  Line. 
Thus  Edenton  sprang  up  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Roanoke  and  Weldon  near  the  Fall 
Line.  On  the  Tar,  Washington  was  estab- 
lished near  the  mouth  and  Tarboro  near 
the  Fall  Line.  On  the  Cape  Fear,  Wilming- 
ton was  located  near  the  mouth  and 
Fayette ville  near  the  Fall  Line.  Because 
the  Cape  Fear  River  affords  the  best  harbor 
on  the  coast,  Wilmington  grew  rapidly 
and  was  until  recently  the  largest  city 
in  North  Carolina. 


28 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Fig.  58. 


CopTTigh^  1910.  hj  KeyBtone 

.4  bird's-eye  view  of  Asheville.    Mount  Pisgah 
rises  in  the  background. 


In  the  Piedmont  section  towns  and  cities 
were  few  until  after  the  coming  of  the  rail- 
road. The  settlers  of  this  section  traded 
through  the  towns  at  the  Fall  Line,  either  in 
North  Carolina  or  in  neighboring  states. 

Since  the  Civil  War  the  railroad  has 
connected  the  Piedmont  with  every  other 
section  of  North  Carolina  and  with  all  the 
other  states  of  the  Union.  Now  the  direct 
highway  from  New  York  to  Florida  is  across 
the  central  section  of  the  state,  and  along 
the  lines  of  these  railroads  are  found  the 
largest  cities  in  North  Carolina.  (Fig.  2.) 
In  transportation  the  railroads  have  now 
practically  taken  the  place  of  the  rivers, 
which  played  so  important  a  part  in  the 
settlement  and  industrial  development  of  the 
state.  With  the  coming  of  the  railroad 
the  center  of  wealth  and  population  moved 
gradually  from  the  Coastal  Plain  to  the 
Piedmont  section,  which  is  to-day  the  center 
of  the  business  activity  of  the  state.  Here 
flourishing  manufacturing  towns  have  been 
built  up,  such  as  Charlotte,  the  first  city,  in 
size,  Asheville  (Fig.  58),  Raleigh  (Fig.  28), 
Winston-Salem,  Durham  (Fig.  59),  Greens- 
boro, Salisbury,  and  High  Point. 

Government.  The  chief  purpose  of  a  gov- 
ernment is  to  protect  life  and  property  and 
to  secure  to  every  citizen  the  opportunity  to 
make  the  most  possible  of  his  life. 


As  the  number  of  inhabitants  increased 
in  the  state  more  laws  were  needed,  more 
courts  were  established,  and  the  Governor's 
responsibilities  grew  greater  and  greater.  A 
legislative  body  was  needed  to  make  the  laws 
for  the  people,  a  judicial  system  to  admin- 
ister justice  between  man  and  his  neighbor, 
and  an  executive  was  needed  to  execute  the 
laws.  Out  of  these  needs  grew  the  three 
divisions  of  government — legislative,  judi- 
cial, and  executive. 

After  the  Revolution,  under  the  new  gov- 
ernment each  state  now  elected  its  own 
governor,  legislature,  and  judges.  The 
state  must  now  take  part  in  the  national 
government.  Two  senators  and  ten  con- 
gressmen are  elected  to  sit  in  the  national 
Congress,  the  former  for  six  years  and  the 
latter  for  two  years.  (Fig.  60.)  The  people 
of  the  state  also  choose  twelve  electors 
(the  number  is  always  equal  to  the  number 
of  congressmen  and  senators),  who,  together 
with  the  electors  from  the  other  states,  elect 
the  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  Governor,  who  administers  the  state 
government,  and  his  council,  which  is  com- 
posed of  the  Secretary  of  State,  Treasurer, 
Auditor,  Attorney  General,  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  and  Lieutenant  Gover- 
nor, are  each  elected  for  four  years,  the 
members  of  the  General  Assembly  for  two 
years,  and  the  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court 
and  the  Superior  Courts  for  eight  years. 


Fig.  59.     One  of  the  business  streets  of  Durliam. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


29 


Education.  When 
the  first  settlers  came 
to  North  Carolina  the 
rivers,  forests,  and 
soil  supplied  all  that 
man  needed.  Life  was 
simple.  Little  skill 
was  needed  to  make  a 
living,  and  education 
was  thought  neces- 
sary only  for  the  man 
who  was  preparing  to 
enter  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, such  as  law,  medicine,  the  ministrv', 
or  teaching.  Hence  there  were  few  schools, 
and  these  were  private  institutions. 

To-day,  without  skilled  labor  and  scientific 
treatment,  the  soil  will  not  yield  sufficient 
foodstuff  and  clothing  material  for  man's 
needs.  Trained  minds  and  skilled  hands  are 
needed  to  convert  raw  materials  into  finished 
products.  The  soil  must  be  made  to  yield 
twice  as  much  as  it  is  now  producing.  The 
factories  must  turn  out  finer  goods,  or  North 
Carolina  cannot  compete  with  the  other 
states.  These  conditions  make  education  a 
public  necessity  for  all  the  people. 

A  public -school  system  was  established  in 
North  Carolina  in  1840;  but  it  was  not  until 
about  1900  that  the  state  became  seriously 
aroused  to  the  necessity  of  providing  better 
schools  for  all  the  people.    In  that  year  there 


Fig.  61.     The  leading  educational  institutions  of  North  Carolina. 


The  Congressional  districts  of  North  Carolina  in  igog. 

were  thirty  schools  supported  by  local  taxa- 
tion; to-day  there  are  more  than  1,100  such 
schools  to  be  found  in  the  state.  In  1900 
North  Carolina  expended  $1,091,226  for 
school  purposes;  in  1910  the  expenditure 
exceeded  $3,500,000. 

The  state  has  established  a  fund  for  build- 
ing  schoolhouses,   and    practically   for    the 
past  eight  years  a  new  schoolhouse  has  been 
built  every  day  of  each  year.     Throughout 
the  state  the  average  school  term  has  been 
increased    from    about    three    and    one-half 
months  to  about  five  months,  while  in  all 
the  towns  and  cities,  and  in  some  townships 
and  counties,  the  schools  run  eight,  nine,  or 
ten  months.     State  high  schools  have  been 
established,    and    $75,000    is    appropriated 
annually  for  their  support.     The   farm-life 
school,  where  agriculture  and  kindred  sub- 
jects are  taught,  has 
also  been  established. 
North    Carolina 
leads  all    the    South 
Atlantic  states  in 
universities,  colleges, 
and  schools  which 
give  advanced  train- 
ing  in   the  arts  and 
sciences.     These 
higher  institutions, 
together  with  the 
elementary  and  higb 


30 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


schools  of  the  state, 
form  the  state  public- 
sclioo]  system.  The 
University  (Fig.  62), 
the  College  of  Agri- 
culture and  Mechanic 
Arts,  the  State  Normal 
and  Industrial  College, 
the  East  Carolina 
Teacher's  Training 
School,  and  the  several 
public  normal  schools 
are  supported  by  state 
appropriations,  while 
Trinity  College,  Wake  Forest  College,  David- 
son College,  Guilford  College,  and  others  are 
supported  by  endowments,  private  benefac- 
tions, and  denominational  aid.     (Fig.  61.) 

Compulsory  education  is  now  being  advo- 
cated throughout  the  state,  and  a  few  cities 
and  coimties  have  already  introduced  the 
compulsory  system.  There  is  a  state  school 
for  the  feeble-minded  and  for  the  deaf,  dumb, 
and  blind. 

Since  1900  libraries  have  been  established 
in  2,420  schools,  while  nearly  all  of  the  city 


schools  have  good 
working  libraries.  In 
connection  with  the 
schools,  clubs  have 
been  formed  for  im- 
proving schoolhouses 
and  grounds.  Corn 
Clubs,  Tomato  Clubs, 
and  Cotton  Clubs  have 
been  organized  for 
studying  the  possibili- 
ties of  the  soil  and  for 
practical  training  in 
agriculture. 
Manual  training,  domestic  science,  home 
economics,  commercial  life,  agriculture,  and 
public  health  are  some  of  the  subjects  that 
are  now  being  taught  in  the  public  schools. 
Greater  and  greater  improvements  are  being 
made  in  bmlding  and  eqtiipping  school- 
houses,  in  the  teaching  force,  in  the  course 
of  study,  and  in  the  attendance  of  pupils. 
The  movement  is  toward  the  development  of 
a  school  system  that  will  prepare  the  pupils 
to  take  an  active  and  intelligent  place  in 
the  world  of  affairs. 


One  of  the  buildings  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  at  Chapel  Hilt. 


THE  LEADING  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


COLLEGES  AND  UNIVERSITIES 

1  St.  Mary's  College,  R.  C.  Belmont. 

2  University    of     North    Carolina.     State. 

Chapel  Hill. 

3  Presbyterian  College.  Charlotte. 

4  Elizabeth  College,  Luth.,  Charlotte. 

5  Biddle  University,  Presb.  (colored),  Char- 

lotte. 

6  Scotia  University,  Presb.  (colored).    Con- 

cord. 

7  Davidson  College.  Presb.,  Davidson. 

8  Trinity  College.  M.  E.  South,  Durham. 

9  Elon  College,  Christian,  Elon  College. 

10  Greensboro  Female  College,  M.  E.,  Greens- 

boro. 

1 1  Guilford  College,  Friends.  Guilford  College. 
13   Lenoir  College.  Luth.,  Hickory. 

13  Davenport  College.  M.  E..  Lenoir. 

14  Catawba  College.  Reformed.  Newton. 


IS  Meredith  College,  Bapt.,  Raleigh. 
[6   Peace  Institute,  Presb.,  Raleigh. 

17  St.  Mary's  School.  Prot.  Epis..  Raleigh. 

18  Shaw    University,     Bapt.    (colored).   Ra- 

leigh. 
iQ  Southern      Presbyterian      College,      Red 

Springs. 
!o  Livingstone  College,  A.  M.  E.  Z.,  Salisbury. 
2  1   Female  College,  Presb.,  Statesville. 

22  Wake  Forest  College,  Bapt.,  Wake  Forest. 

23  Atlantic     Christian     College,     Christian, 

Wilson. 

24  Salem  Female  College,  Moravian,  Winston- 

Salem. 

SCHOOLS   OF  TECHNOLOGY 

25  Brick  Normal  and  Agricultural  Institute, 

Enfield. 

26  Agricultural  and  Mechanical    College  for 

the  Colored  Race,  Greensboro. 


2  7   North  Carolina  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts,  Raleigh. 

PUBLIC  NORMAL  AND  TRAINING 
SCHOOLS 
2S  Appalachian  Training  School.  Boone. 

29  Normal  and   Collegiate    Institute,  Ashe- 

ville. 

30  Cullowhee  Normal  School,  CuUowhee. 

31  State  Normal  School  (colored),  EUzabeth 

City. 

32  State  Normal  School    (colored),  Fayette- 

ville. 

33  State  Normal  and  Industrial  College  for 

Women.  Greensboro. 

34  East  Carolina  Teacher's  Training  School, 

Greenville. 
!  35  Croatan  Normal  School  (Indian),  Pates. 
I  36  State  Normal  School,  Winston-Salem. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


31 


IV.     STATISTICS   AND   AIDS  TO    TEACHERS 


Statistics  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  by  Coxinties,  Twelfth  Census  and  Census  of  1910. 


Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick. .  . . 
Buncombe.. . . 

Burke 

CabuTus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland  .  . 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe . . . 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson. . . . 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

IredeU 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

lancoln 

McDowell 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

Mecklenburg. . 

MitcheU 

Montgomer>'.  . 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover. 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank. . . 

Pender 

Perquimans. . . 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond .  .  . . 

Robeson 

Rockingham .  . 

Rowan 

Rutherford  . . 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 


1849 
1847 
i8s9 
1749 
1799 


1754 
1669 
1870 


1849 
1778 
1846 
1778 
1872 
1746 
1783 
1771 
I7S8 
18SS 
1808 
1838 
1759 
1911 
1729 
1788 
1851 
1746 
1778 
190S 
1791 
1778 
1842 
1828 
i8si 
1774 
1762 
1861 
1778 
1784 
1777 
1729 


1871 
1669 
1875 
1669 
1791 
1760 
185s 
1778 
1779 
1786 
178s 
1753 
■  778 
1784 
1900 
1841 
1789 
1771 


70S 
466 
.043 
573 
483 
547 


POPULATIOM 


14.432 
49.798 
21.408 
26.240 
20.570 

S.640 
13.776 
14.858 
27.918 
22.63s 
14.136 
11.303 

3.909 
29.494 
28.020 
25.594 
35.284 

7.693 

4.841 
29,404 
13.394 
25.442 
35.276 
32.010 
47.311 
24.692 
37.063 
I0.45S 

4.749 
25. 102 
13.083 
60,497 
37.646 


34.315 
12.998 
41.401 
8.721 
11.376 
22.769 
17.132 
13.538 


17.797 
67.031 
17.245 
14.967 


15.064 
9.966 
16.693 
1S.471 
11.054 
17.356 
36.340 
7.640 
29.491 
19.673 
51.945 
36.442 
37.521 
28.385 
29.982 
IS. 363 
19.909 
20,151 
29.705 


25.66s 
10.960 
7.759 
21.S70 
19.5S1 


20.538 
■7.677 
12.657 
44,288 
17.699 
22,456 
15.694 

5.474 
ll.Sll 
IS.028 
22.133 
23.912 
11.860 
10,258 

4.532 
25.078 
21.274 
24,160 
29.249 

4.757 
23.403 
12.115 
22,405 
25,233 
26.591 
35.261 
25.116 
27,903 
10.413 

4.343 
23.263 
12.038 
39.074 
30,793 


18,639 
15.498 
12,567 
12,104 
20,644 
IS.383 
55.268 
15.221 
14.197 
23.622 
25.478 
25.785 
21.150 
11.940 
1 4.69  ^ 

8,04s 
13.660 
13.381 
10,001 
16,685 
30,889 

7,004 
28,232 
15.855 
40,371 
33.163 
31.066 


\RM  PROPERTY 
INCLUDIXG 
LIVE  STOCK 


$2,671,967 
1,640,496 
2.172.355 
2.499,125 

4.542.767 

2.239.945 
2,056,640 
1.636,871 
958,876 
6,627,473 
2.436.833 

2.059.443 
2.645.776 
1.002.500 

584.272 
2.150,886 
3,302,930 
3,047,351 
1.263,261 

882.545 

731.719 
4.022,296 
2,034,074 
1.678.852 
2.569.944 
1,049,030 

202,856 
4.188.577 
1.869,989 
2.810,233 
1.687.740 
3.137.348 
3.698.012 
2.646,762 
3.256.452 
1.330,742 

463.311 
2.952.865 
2.160,956 

3.390.770 
1.819,209 
3.093.348 
2.313,014 
1.813.596 


2.019.142 
4.216,859 
1,488,512 
4.383,438 
1.202.738 

2.'526.5i5 
2.378.424 
1.778.323 
1.520.146 
2.567.028 
1.582,179 
6.399,186 
2.121.453 
1. 311. 773 
2.440.99s 
2,848,843 
550  055 
2.306.720 
1.242.175 

671.596 
1.246.911 
1.596.044 
1.451,668 
1,744,066 
4.335.272 

990,827 
4,045,158 
1.355.998 
5.396.836 
3.586,778 
3.759,928 
3,091,926 
3.718,494 
2.417.529 
1.812,065 
2.954.810 
3.168,103 


PRODUCTS 
NOT  FED  TO 
LIVE  STOCK 


7S2.507 
504.448 
401,998 


844.673 
,023,790 
579.541 


COUNTY  SEAT 


.031.281 
150.873 
274.310 
457. 25S 
!.2io.3i5 

907.172 

!.23l,58i 
682.513 


284.927 

18,998 

162.643 

180,036 

866.039 

85.474 

879.456 

1,578,711 

.097,806 

463.384 

412.927 

110.852 

373.579 

599.424 

233.001 

37.010 

.172.472 

1.526.431 

715.763 

893.369 

592.848 

2.334.457 

908,002 

1.660,375 

298,961 

23.317 

51.765 

42,657 

,141,430 

1,046.589 

488.079 

245.381 

,079,204 

180,384 

491,891 

8,443,912 

,650,094 

1.163.129 

899.133 

8.156.895 

,294,286 

383.837 

874.309 

3,947.200 

528.348 

84,028 

149.096 

18,980 

.176.764 

254.414 

.083.958 

82.004 

.216.294 

3.601. 216 

.855,628 

1. 391. 773 

686,550 

230.710 

613,851 

331.423 

484.680 

192.394 

698,600 

118.733 

2S5.S2S 

211,322 

.297.648 

1.131.721 

444.815 

280.037 

.820.012 

477.226 

476.804 

48,210 

.185.009 

692.535 

631. .11 

937.758 

437.162 

354.321 

436.144 

98.863 

724,266 

425.887 

787.747 

270.888 

.859.390 

5.736.059 

598.668 

393.470 

498.019 

1.030.277 

857,258 

1.069  191 

,479.929 

561.146 

148,212 

3. 131.899 

,235,847 

349. 55S 

420,388 

165.629 

660.866 

363.154 

282.169 

206.710 

393.454 

979.480 

473.413 

98.569 

578,013 

303.759 

768.898 

251,691 

!. 173.929 

896,681 

306,281 

87,464 

.039.355 

2,259,603 

682  746 

1,192,096 

2,166.431 

907,687 

,358.600 

2,865.312 

.286.510 

2.320,674 

876,433 

1.779. 552 

.259.255 

323.963 

836,686 

609.193 

743,88s 

1.127.189 

1.017,766 

277.763 

870,521 

1.397.998 

Graham 

Taylors\'ille 

Sparta 

Wadesboro 

Jefferson 

Elk  Park 

Washington 

Windsor 

EUzabethtown  . 

Southport , 

AsheviUe 

Morganton  .... 

Concord 

Lenoir 

Camden 

Beaufort 

Yance>'ville .... 

ton 

Pittsboro 

Murphy 

Eden  ton 

Havesville 

Shelby 

WhiteviUe 

Newbem 

Fayetteville  .  .  . 

Currituck 

Man  tec 

Lexington 

Mocksville 

Kenans vUle. . .  . 

Durham 

Tarboro 

Wins  ton -Salem 

Louisburg 

Gastonia 

GatesvUle 

Robbinsville  . . . 

Oxford 

Snow  Hill 

Greensboro  .... 

HalUax 

Liliington 

Waynes\Tlle  .  .  . 
Hendersonville . 

Win  ton 

Raeford 

Swanquarter.  .  . 

Statesv'ille 

Webster 

Smithfield 

Trenton 

Sanford  

Kinston 

Lincolnton  .  .  .  . 

Marion 

Franklin 

Marshall 

Williamston . . . . 

Chariotte 

Bakersville  . . .  . 

Troy 

Carthage 

Nash^alle 

Wilmington  .  .  . 

Jackson 

Jackson\-ille  . . . 

Hillsboro 

Bayboro 

Elizabeth  City  . 

Burgaw 

Hertford 

Roxboro  

Green\'ille 

Columbus 

Asheboro 

Rockingham. .  . 
Lumberton  . . .  . 

Wentworth 

Salisbury 

Rutherford  ton 

Clinton 

:  Laurinburg 

Albemarle 

Danbury 

j  Dobson 


POPULATION 


1.336 
14.694 
1.938 


1.874 

634 

9.090 

4.670 


335 

337 

912 

18,091 


32 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Statistics  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  by  Counties,  Twelfth  Census  and  Census  of  igio — Continued. 


Transvlvani; 

T^ttM 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington 
Watauga    . . 

Wayne 

Wilkes    

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancev 


177S 
■  799 
1849 
1779 
1777 
I8S5 
1 850 


AREA 

POPULATION 

1910 

igoo 

560 

10.403 

8,401 

371 

7. 191 

6.620 

397 

5. 219 

4.980 

561 

33.277 

27.156 

276 

19.42s 

16,684 

841 

63.229 

54.626 

432 

20,266 

19,151 

334 

It.062 

10,608 

330 

13.556 

13,417 

507 

35.698 

31,356 

718 

30.282 

26,872 

392 

28.269 

23,596 

334 

IS.428 

14.083 

>02 

12,072 

I.. 464 

I   PROPERTY 
CLUDl.VG 
VE  STOCK 


979. S19 
1. 221,602 

442.934 
3.389.813 
1. 535. 319 
S. 497. 611 
1,916,722 

974.331 
2,782,007 
3,.S99.74S 
3.412,640 
3.003,481 
2.401,870 


Population  of  the  Leading  Cities  and  Towns  of  North 
Carolina  at  Each  Federal  Census  from  1850  to  1910. 


CITY 


Charlotte 

Wilmington. . .  . 
Winston-Salem* 

Raleigh 

Asheville 

Durham 

Greensboro  .... 

Newbem 

High  Point 

Concord 

Elizabeth  City  . 
Rocky  Mount.  . 

Salisbury 

Fayetteville  .  .  . 

Kinston 

Wilson 

Washington  . . . 

Goldsboro 

Gastonia 

Reidsville 

Burlington  .... 

Statesville 

Henderson  .... 

Lexington 

Tarboro 

Greenville 

Monroe  City  . . . 
Thomasville  .  .  . 
Mount  Airy. .  .  . 

Hickory 

Mooresville  .... 

Lenoir 

Shelby 

Oxford 

Belhaven 

Henderson  ville . 

Edenton 

Morganton  .... 

Graham 

Beaufort 

Lincolnton  .... 
Wadesboro  .... 

Laurinburg 

Newton 

Sanford  

Lumberton  .... 
Kings  Mountain 

Hamlet 

Plymouth 

Rockingham . .  . 

Albemarle 

Morehead  City  . 
Wa>'nesvillc  . . . 

Weldon 

Randleman .... 

Spencer  

North     Wilkes- 

boro 

Caroleen 

Asheboro 

Henrietta 

Hertford 

Dunn 

Louisburg 

Scotland  Neck  . 
Roanoke 

Rapids 

Forest  City 

Williamston  . .  . 
Bessemer  City  . 
Marion 

♦  Previous  to 


18,762 
[8,241 
15.895 
9.961 
9.525 
8.715 
8,412 
8,051 
7. 153 
7.045 
6,995 
6,717 

6,211 

6,107 
S.759 
4,82,S 
4,So8 
4.509 
4.S03 
4.163 


4.0S2 
3..S77 
3.844 
3.716 
3.400 
3.364 
3.127 


2.483 
2.413 
2.376 


[S,ogi 
20,976 
r3.6so 
13.643 
14.694 
6,670 
10,035 

4.163 
7.910 
6,348 
2.937 
6,277 
4.670 
4.106 
3.525 
4.842 
5.S77 
4.6.0 
3.262 
3.692 
3. 141 
3.746 
1.234 
2.499 
2,565 
2.427 

751 
2.680 
2.535 
1.533 
1,296 
1.874 
2,059 

3S3 
1,017 
3,046 
1.938 


5.485 
3.317 
7.843 


2,969 
1,716 
2,3lS 
4,101 
1.440 
1,924 
1,037 
1,866 


1,064 

455 

1,286 

1.754 


7. 004 
17.350 
4.194 


4.473 
13.446 
443 
7.790 
1,400 


2.420 

1,086 

4. 700 

4.646 

1.333 

455 

960 

1.590 

2.015 

885 

1880  no  returns  given  for  Salem 


163,999 
1.367.0SS 

m63;Si. 
851,982 
364,169 
544.793 

1.670,462 
876,444 

1,520,510 
588,359 
460. S21 


156,090 
48.517 
31.664 

594.999 

530.037 
!. 641, 730 

190,108 


874,289 
538.050 
354.513 


COUN- 


Bryson. . . . 
Brevard..  . 
Columbia. . 
Monroe.... 
Henderson . 
Raleigh  . .  . 
Warren  ton. 
Plymouth  . 

Boone 

GoUisboro  . 
Wilkesboro 
Wilson.  .  .  . 
YadkinviUe 


POPULATION 


919 

848 
4.082 
4.503 


3.746 

13.643 

836 


Farm  Statistics  of  North  Carolina  with  Percentage  of 

Increase,  Twelfth  Census  and  State 

Estimates  of  1910. 


Number  of  farms 

Total  acreage 

Improved  acreage 

Average  acres  per  farm.  . 

Value  of  land  and  build- 
ings   

Value  of  land 

Value  of  buildings 

Value  of  implements  and 
machinery 

Average  value  per  acre  of 
land  and  buildings  ,  ,  . 

Average  value  per  acre  of 
land 

Expenditures  for  labor.  , 

Fertilizers    


1900 

PER  CENT 

OF 
INCREASE 

224.637 

22.740.000 

8.327.000 

13 

6 

*13 

$104,656.0 
141.956.0 

"o.'oo 

134 
141 
IIS 

9.073.0 

8,56 

103 
138 

s.445.0 
4.479.0 

6,24 

145 

6g 
173 

*Decrea5e, 

The  Leading  Manufacturing   Cities  of   North   Carolina 

and  Facts  about  their  Industrial  Plants,  Twelfth 

Census  and  Census  Bulletin  39,  1905.* 


CITY 

YEAR 

OF 
PLANTS 

OF   WAGE 

AMOU.S-T 
OF  WAGES 

VALUE  OF 

Winston-Salem 

Durhamt 

Charlotte 

Wilmington , , . 

Asheville 

Greensboro  . . . 

Newbem 

Raleigh 

1005 
igoo 
1005 
1900 
1005 

1905 
1900 
1005 
igoo 

1900 
1905 
1900 
1905 
rooo 

47 
40 

82 
73 

55 
131 

45 
135 

65 

79 

sl 

42 

135 

4.850 
3.420 

'2. 7  87 

2.234 
2,988 
1,667 
I.S50 

702 
1. 136 
1,161 
1. 587 

762 
1,162 

585 
1.358 

S9S5.596 
461.214 

535. 2S9 

693.482 

6gg,846 
632,g66 
568.250 
228,794 
354. 511 
338.671 
295.820 
276,070 
284,052 
225.787 
441.038 

$11,353,296 
5.436.030 

7.084,540 
4.849.630 
4,702,301 
3.155.458 
2. 060,028 
1,918,362 
1,866,109 
1,828,837 
1.790.523 
1.343.384 
I. 704. 251 
1,086,671 
2,204,056 

♦Statistics  for  1905  include  only  factory  products;  for  previous 

us,  all  products. 

tStatistics  not   given   for    igos  to  avoid  disclosing  individual 

operations. 

Elevation  of  Some  of  the  Principal  Heights  in  North 

Carolina.     Dictionary  of  Altitudes, 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


Mount  Mitchell 

Black  Brothers 

Hairy  Bear 

Balsam  Cone 

Clingmans  Dome 

Clingmans  Peak 

Cattail  Peak 

Mount  Buckley 

Mount  r.ibbs 

Rocky  Trail  Peak 

Bearwallow  Mountain . 
Mount  Alexander. .  ,  .  . 

Potato  Knob 

Hallback 

Water  Rock  Knob 

Blackstock  Knob 


■ITUDES 
6.711 
(  6,600 
16,620 
6,6Sl 
6,645 
6,619 
6,611 
6  609 
6.599 
6.501 
6,488 
6,487 
6.447 
6,419 
6,403 
6.390 
6,386 


LTITUDES 

Richland     Balsam 

Mountain 

6,370 

Roan  High  Knob 

6313 

Roan  High  Bluff  . .    .  . 

6,287 

Amos  Plotts  Balsam.  . 

6.278 

Brother  Plott 

6,246 

Chimney  Peak    

6,234 

Deer  Mountain 

6,233 

Grassy  Ridge  Bald  .  .  . 

6,226 

Mount  lunaleska 

6,223 

Jones  Knob 

6,209 

Craggy  Dome 

6,los 

Mount  Hardv 

6,102 

Spruce  Ridge  Top  . . . 

6,076 

Big  Craggy  Mountain 
Rocky  Face 

6,068 

6,031 

